1
UNIT. 20
A Look Back at Marx and
His Manifesto
Motivation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcl5crXpzgQ
https://www.marxists.org/korean/marx/communist-manifesto/index.htm
Unit 10 / 3
The Goal of the Unit.
Target Grammar: 시제 일치(Sequence of Tense)
4
정의: 주어+동사 that 주어+동사 구문에서 주절의 동사와 종속절의
동사 시제는 일치해야 한다.
2교시 Group 활동(15분) 강의(10분) Group 활동 & 발표(10분) 강의(10분) 차시예고(5분마무리& )
1. Marx predicted that the lower class would continue to get poor.
2. Current economies suggest that not all of Marx’s prediction were true.
• 예외: 현재습관, 불변의 진리(항상 현재)/ 역사적 사실(항상 과거)/비교문장 1. My teacher said the Earth (move/moves/moved) round the Sun.
2. I learned that the Gwangju Uprising (break/breaks/broke) out in 1980.
3. The temperature yesterday was much hotter than it (is/was) today.
4. Mother said to me that I (must/musted) study hard to receive scholarship.
주절 현재 종속절 12시제 모두 가능
주절 과거 종속절 과거,과거완료 가능
현재, 미래는 불가능
제 차2 FYE conference 대학영어 5
PREP
Karl Marx was an important German philosopher and economist.
He is most noted for his influence on the political climate of Europe since the nineteenth century. His most famous work was The Communist Manifesto. Co-written with Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto outlined Marx’s vision of how capitalism would eventually destroy itself through injustices. The ideas in Marx’s philosophy fueled many radical efforts, most famously the Russian Revolution of 1917
.
• be noted for=be famous for: ~로 유명하다.
• influence on 명사~에 대한 영향력.
• Co-written with As it(the Communist Manifesto) was co-written with(분사구문)
• philosopher: 철학자
• economist: 경제학자
• political climate: 정치적 풍토
• outline: 약술하다. 설명하다.
• Marx’s vision of how capitalism would eventually destroy itself.: 자본주의가 어떻 게 결국은 스스로를 파멸시킬 것인가에 대한 마르크스의 통찰력
• injustice:불의, 부당함
• fuel: 가열시키다.
• radical efforts: 급진적 노력
Marx’ famous work, The Communist Manifesto, outlined his vision ___________________
_____________________________ and his idea ________ many ___________ efforts.
제 차2 FYE conference 대학영어 6
PREP
Marx’s speculations were made in the midst of the Industrial Revolution. During this time, most nations in Europe were developing consumer markets that manufactured goods like furniture, fabrics, and household appliances. These goods could be efficiently produced in factories, but factory conditions of this era were brutal. Workers suffered long hours and hazardous conditions.
*in the midst of=in the middle of: ~의 중간에
*consume market=소비시장
manufacture goods=상품을 생산하다 household appliance=가정용 제품 efficiently=효과적으로
era=시대
brutal= 참혹한 hazardous=위험한
He speculated the factories and goods in the midst of the Industrial Revolution, when factory conditions were ____________ and worker _______________________________.
제 차2 FYE conference 대학영어 7
PREP These observations, joined with Marx’s own belief about the true nature of man,/ formed the ideology <typically called
“Marxism.”> Marx believed that man was inherently inclined to produce goods, calling him homo faber , a Latin phrase meaning, “man the maker.” This implied that all men were naturally compelled to create a product through their own work.
• observation: 관찰
• true nature of man: 인간의 본성
• ideology: 이데올로기
• inherently: 태생적으로
• be inclined to R.V: ~하는 경향이 있다.
• be compelled to R.V: ~할 수 밖에 없다.
• naturally: 선천적으로
His observation formed the “Marxism” ideology, in which he implied that ________________________________________________________________________________.
제 차2 FYE conference 대학영어 8
PREP The factory system was the environment of early capitalism.
As such, Marx argued factory work separated man spiritually from his true nature. This would eventually give rise to dissatisfaction in the lower class. Marx’s economic theory played a key role in his worldview. For him, the capitalist system was flawed. Marx argued that the wealth created in factories did not return it to those responsible for the creation of that wealth. Instead, the factory owners were gaining profit while putting no actual effort into the creation of the wealth. Marx believed that this was unjust.
*separate:소외시키다.
*give rise to: 불러일으키다.
*play a key role:핵심 역할을 하다.
*those (who are) responsible for+ 명사: ~에 책임이 있는 사람들
*while (they=factory owners) put(ting) no actual effort: 실제적인 노력 을 하지 않으면서접속사를 남기고 주어를 생략한 분사구문.
*put an effort: 노력을 하다.
*flaw: 흠, 결정 or 흠이 나다. 망가지다
Marx thought that the capitalist system was flawed because
______________________________________________________________________________.
제 차2 FYE conference 대학영어 9
PREP
The injustice of capitalism was the basis for the Marxist vision of the future.
Marx predicted that the lower class—otherwise known as the proletariat—
would continue to get poorer. Meanwhile, the upper classes that benefited from the capitalist system—the bourgeoisie—would continue to get richer.
Marx argued that this rift in the distribution of the wealth in the system would cause problems. The proletariat would then rise up and take control of the means of the production. This spontaneous uprising would result in a “dictatorship of the proletariat.”
At this time, the means of production would be taken and redistributed fairly among the population. Marx believed that uprisings would most likely include violence. He did not see the ruling class giving up means of production peacefully. However, in countries with strong democratic structures, Marx left the possibility of a peaceful change open.
목표문법=> 시제 일치 Marx predicted(과거)that the lower class would continue(과거) rise up: 봉기하다=uprise
take control of:통제권을 갖다. 통제하다.
result in B: A는 B라는 결과로 인도하다.
otherwise known as : 다르게는 ~라고 알려진 spontaneous uprising: 자발적인 봉기
leave+목적어+목적 보어(형용사):평화의 가능성을 열어 두다.
rift: 틈, 균열
The injustice of capitalism was ____________________________________________________.
He argued _________________________________________________________ would cause problems.
제 차 대학영어
10
2 FYE conference
PREP The ideas of Marx fueled revolutionary movements, and it is most commonly associated with the Russian revolution of 1917. Revolutionaries struggled with Marx’s ideas, however.
A strict reading of Marx suggested that enough injustice would soon develop into an uprising. This left little room for the “professional” revolutionary who wanted to speed up the process. Others believed that Marx’s ideas, while valuable, did not apply to countries like Russia, where economic progress was slow.
• be associated with: 연관이 있다. 관련이 있다.
• revolutionary: 혁명의, 혁명적인 or 혁명가
• leave little room for+N: ~의(덧붙임이나 논란의) 여지를 거의 남기지 않다.(혁명의 과 정에 속도를 높이기 원하는 “전문적인” 혁명가들에게 많은 지지를 받았다는 뜻)
• speed up: 속도를 높이다.
• while (they are) valuable: 가치 있지만 분사구문: 주어와 being을 생략
• Struggle: 갈등을 겪다.
• Strict reading of Marx: 마르크스를 엄밀하게 읽게 되면
• Enough ~~ uprising: 부당함이 충분해졌을 때 곧 봉기로 발전할 것이라고 주장했다 Marx’ idea fueled __________________________ but _______________________________
with Marx’s idea.
제 차 대학영어
11
2 FYE conference
PREP Current economies suggest that not all of Marx’s predictions were true. Many developed countries are not seeing abject poverty arise as capitalism grows. In spite of the possible flaws in Marx’s predictions, his theory is still studied by many scholars today. Marx’s main argument suggests that economic factors are the main cause for all cultural phenomena. This is a philosophy known as economic determinism.
not all of 명사: 부분 부정 not, no + all, every, each, both =>일부만 부정: 마 르크스의 모든 예견이 다 사실인 것은 아니다(일부는 사실이 아니다)
developed countries: 선진국 / cf)developing countries: 개발도상국 see abject poverty arise: 지각동사+목적어+원형동사
as(when) capitalism grows: 자본주의가 발전할 때 때를 나타내는 부사절.
in spite of 명사: ~에도 불구하고 be known as: ~라고 알려진
abject poverty: 극심한 빈곤 phenomena: 현상
economic determinism: 경제적 결정주의
Current economies suggest that ____________ of his prediction were _______. ___________
the possible _______ in his predictions, his theory __________________________________ today.
제 차 대학영어
12
2 FYE conference
PREP As a result, many scholars have looked for economic causes in cultural areas that are not normally associated with economics. For example, many theorists have looked at art as an expression of economic conditions. Marxist theory can also be used in the study of literature or the understanding of history, among other things. In spite of its shortcomings, Marx’s philosophy remains important.
Many see his work as essential in identifying oppressed people and how they are constructed through history.
Regardless of how one regards his theories, the influence of Marx’s thought on the western world is undeniable.
as a result: 그 결과
be associated with: 연관된다.
in ~ing: ~하는 데 있어서압제받는 사람들과 그들이 역사를 통해 어떻게 구성 되었는지를 정의하는 데 있어서
regardless of +N: ~에 관계없이어떤 사람이 그의 이론을 어떻게 여기는가에 관계없이
undeniable:부인할 수 없는 shortcoming: 단점
Although there have been many scholars who looked for __________ in cultural area that are not normally _____________ economics, the influence of Marx’s thought on western world is _____________.
Reading Comprehension
13
A. Mark each statement as true (T), false (F), or inferred (I) according to the passage.
1. Capitalism is a fair system according to Marx. T F I 2. Marx believed in man’s capabilities. T F I 3. Marx believed that all proletariat revolutions must include violence. T F I 4. People had split views on Marx’s ideology. T F I 5. Uneven distribution of wealth can be problematic for a society. T F I
B. Choose the best answer.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about Karl Marx?
(A) Karl Marx co-wrote a book called
The Communist Manifesto
. (B) Karl Marx believed in capitalism.(C) Karl Marx was an economist.
(D) Karl Marx believed that man was made for making.
Reading Comprehension
14
2. What is a key point of Marx’s ideology?
(A) An even spread of wealth makes for a successful society.
(B) It is better for the rich to get richer and the poor to get poorer.
(C) People with money and property need to care for the proletariat.
(D) Man is made for working in factories.
3. Which of the following would Marx agree with?
(A) Factories create unjust societies.
(B) Factories help create a just society.
(C) Factories create jobs and a wealthy society.
(D) Factories help homo faber develop their skills.
C. Fill in the blanks with words from the box.
compelled/ era/ hazardous/ ideology/ manifesto/ oppressed
Karl Marx was an important philosopher and economist and is noted for his famous work, The Communist 1_______________. His 2_______________ influenced many radical efforts, including the 1917 Russian Revolution. Marx’s theories were made during the 3_______________ of the Industrial Revolution. Workers in factories suffered long hours and 4_______________ conditions. Marx believed that men were inclined to produced goods, and that the factory system spiritually separated man from his true nature. He argued that an 5_______________ proletariat would rise up in revolt one day. Marx’s predictions were not always correct, but his philosophy remains important.
Manifesto ideology era
hazardous
oppressed
Vocabulary Review
15
A. Choose the correct definition of the word in bold.
1. These goods could be efficiently produced in factories, but factory conditions of this era were brutal.
(A) Sort (B) industry (C) time
2. These observations, joined with Marx’s own belief about the true nature of man, formed the ideology typically called “Marxism.”
(A) religious movement (B) system of belief (C) political party
3. Many see his work as essential in identifying oppressed people and how they are constructed through history.
(A) Exploited (B) communist (C) innovative
Vocabulary Review
16
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box.
1. The movie you suggested was too _______________ for me! I didn’t like it at all.
2. She felt ___________ to tell the truth because she knew she would get fired from her job if she didn’t.
3. The ___________ party has a better chance of winning the presidential election.
4. Our teacher talked about how individual free will compares to ______________.
5. We went through my grandmother’s closet, and clearly, her wardrobe is from a different _____!
6. My mother spoke about her hard life and how her country was ______________ for years.
7. The little girl didn’t realize that the contents in the red bottle would be _________________ to her health.
oppressed/ era/ democratic/ brutal/ manifesto hazardous/ determinism/ compelled
brutal compelled
democratic
determinism
era
oppressed
hazardous
Language Form and Meaning
17
A. Choose the correct form of the word to fill in the blanks.
1. She was never ashamed of calling herself a __________.
(A) democrat (B) democratic (C) democratically (D) democracy
2. He was __________ to ride his two-wheel bicycle, so he practiced until he succeeded.
(A) determinism (B) determined (C) determinist (D) determining
3. Sadly, the __________ of women is still a problem in some countries.
(A) oppressed (B) oppression (C) oppressing (D) oppressor
4. __________ I would love to live in a five bedroom house, but I live in my small condo.
(A) ideology (B) ideologist (C) Ideally (D) ideological
5. The victim was __________, and they never found her attacker.
(A) brutality (B) brutalized (C) brutal (D) brutalism
Language Form and Meaning
18
B. Underline the correct word or phrase in parentheses.
1. (Those / That) bottles in the back corner of the room are
hazardous, so don’t touch them.
2. (This / That) hat you are wearing looks like it is from a different era.
3. He voted for the democratic party, and (that / this) box I’m holding is full of democratic ballots.
4. (Those / These) people I’m standing beside have all read and support my manifesto on
economic reform.
5. (This / These) ghost phenomenon is really scaring me!
2교시 Group 활동(15분) 강의(10분) Group 활동 & 발표(10분) 강의(10분) 차시예고(5분마무리& )
Put the sentences in order in accordance with the context.
The injustice of capitalism was the basis for the Marxist vision of the future. Marx predicted that the lower class – otherwise known as the proletariat – would
continue to get poorer. Meanwhile, the upper classes that benefited from the capitalist system – the bourgeoisie – would continue to get richer. Marx argued that this rift in the distribution of the wealth in the system would cause problem.
……… However, in countries with strong democratic structures, Marx left the possibility of a peaceful change open.
1. At this time, the means of production would be take and redistributed fairly among the population. 2 The proletariat would then rise up and take control of the means of the production. 3 He did not see the
ruling class giving up means of production peacefully. 4 Marx believed that uprising would most likely include violence. 5. This spontaneous uprising would result in a “dictatorship of the proletariat.”
2—5—1—4—3
2교시 Group 활동(15분) 강의(10분) Group 활동 & 발표(10분) 강의(10분) 차시예고마무리& (5분)
•** 다음 중 2가지 활동을 선택해서 하시오.
1. Key Words 와 Topic Sentence를 학습 노트에 적어 전체 내용을 확인한다.
2. 목표 문법과 어휘에 관한 문제를 CLC에서 풀어 확인한다.
3. 단어 20개를 다시 정리해본다
다음 주 내용을 담은 CLC 동영상 보기.
-- 기업 윤리에 관한 내용
21
