ISSN 1229-2427 (Print) ISSN 2288-646X (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2013.29.11.49 ळćܤЛèलॸǷϬܫ ۔29ĕ 11ॣ 2013Ǭ 11٫ pp. 49 G 60
JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY Vol.29, No.11, November 2013 pp. 49 G 60
ⱜᜤⴋ⤸# ᜏ⑯ဏ# ☧# ⴋὣ၀㢤⭌# ါ᭯⏷㢸
Geotechnical Considerations for Railway Design in the Middle East
▯ ㍷ ⵔ
1Moon, Joon-Shik
Abstract
The plan for major design-build projects of railway link among countries in gulf area (GCC) and freight rail construction is recently announced, but Korean companies have a hard time tendering due to special geotechnical condition in the Middle East. The major geotechnical risks during railway construction in the Middle East are related to ground improvement of soft Sabkha ground, wind-blown sand mitigation measure, dune sand compaction, and construction of large-scale cut and embankment. In this study, the characteristics of special geotechnical condition and potential geotechnical risks during railway construction in the Middle East are discussed on the basis of field observation, literature review, and field and laboratory test results.
⧟# # # ⴋ
è॒ݓًĶÀۆߏʪٍćԐغęজНߏʪۆæԺˣڷͿۍ३ʂߏʪԐغۆьܳÀۋرݓČەݓχ, ܼʴݓً
ߏʪ֨ė֨ࢍݓًقԴəۿॠݓЇॢսॢݓъܓæڷͿۍॢν֟ࡾͿۍॠيĶǴغߕ˞ۋۓقرͲړں
ýČەɰ. ܼʴݓًۆսॢݓъܓæق˰δܳڅėॡۺЛ܃əԐҵࠢݓъۆݓъÒ͟, ԐφݓًϿ͒ц͊
۹Çʂ, ԐφϿ͒ɰݙ, ʂőϿּşфŭşˣęěʹʼرەɰ. ҆ȦЛقԴəইۤܓԐфЛॶܓԐ, ইۤ֨ॹ
ф֬Ǵ֨ॹĀęˣںࢹʂͿܼʴݓًقԴۿॣսەəսॢݓъՁę֨ėԜν֟ࡾεқԵॠČʂں
ȦۆॠČۙॢɰ.
Keywords : Railway construction in the Middle East, Ground improvement of Sabkha ground, Wind-blown sand mitigation measure, Dune sand compaction
1. ⑧# ᮫
߯ŖԵڮԦԓфԵڮজॡ܃ुˣНΪսբںڦॢ
ԐφݓًǴߏʪæԺęGCC(Gulf Cooperation Council) 6ÒĶںٍĀॠəأ2,200kmۆজНфيÓߏʪæԺ
ˣęěʹʽʂߏʪ॒Ϳ܄࣡Àьܳʼؽäǣьܳ
ٚ܁قەɰ. ॠݓχ, è॒ݓً, ০Ԑφݓًںࣀę ॠəߏʪ֨ėڹࢹėۚغۋϔڍࢀҼܼں(20% Ǵٽ)
ݓॠ϶, սॢݓъЛ܃Ϳۍ३ێъۺۍߏʪ֨ė
ęəɰδي͠ݓъėॡۺν֟ࡾεǴपॠČەɰ. ۋ
ݓًقԴۆܳڅݓъėॡۺЛ܃əԐҵࠢ(Sabkha)͆
ҝνəّқʪÀϔڍȭČݓॠսڦÀȭڹݓъۆÒ
͟Л܃, ߏʪڏॱقࢀٖॳںܶսەəԐφǴԐĵ ۆۋʴęϿ͒ц͊ں۹Çॠəʂ, ʂԐĵÀەə
ԐφǴߏʪȤъ֨ė֨ज़څॢʂőϿՁࢹфۼࢹ, ʂőϿࢹėۚغقज़څॢԐφϿ͒ۆɰݙЛ܃ˣۋ
ەɰ. ٍ҆ĵقԴəÁÁۆݓъėॡۺইডęěʹν
֟ࡾεЛॶܓԐٮইۤɻԐˣںࣀॠيࣷ؊ॠČ, ν
1ⲯ㬦⭪, ᅗ∛រ㧳ᇪ# 㘺ὃᆏ㧳ᆖ# ⴊᇪ⚲# (Member, Assistant Prof., School of Architecture and civil Engrg., Kyungpook National Univ., Tel: +82-53-950-7563, Fax:
+82-53-950-6564, [email protected], Corresponding author, ᇪ❺ⲚⰪ)
*→# ᘖῒ⩪# រ㧶# 㘺⯲Ḗ# ⭪㧲ᜮ# 㬦⭪⯚# 2014ᗞ# 5⭮# 31Ⱆዦ⹚# ኒ# ᕎ⭃⯞# 㧳㬦ᳶ# ᕎⶖ❶ዊ# ₮ᰧᝢ. ⲚⰪ⯲# ᄚ㘺# ᕎ⭃ᆖ# 㨂፲# ᘖῒ⩪# ᄦⱆ㧲⪆# ṗᝢ.
Ilj1# 41# Orfdwlrq# ri# Vdenkd# duhd# dqg# Vdenkd# irupdwlrq# surfhvv
Ilj1# 51# Vdwhoolwh# slfwxuh# ri# Dex# Gkdel# Vdenkd# duhd
֟ࡾε߯ՙজॣսەəʂںЛॶܓԐ, ֬Ǵ֨ॹф
ইۤ֨ॹˣںࣀ३ȦۆॠČۙॢɰ.
2. ⏷⅗ㆿ# (Sabkha)
2.1 ⏷⅗ㆿ# ⴋὣ⪣# ⴋὣ၀㢤⭌# 㘄⑼# # ⱇ⧟# ါ᭯⏷㢸
Ԑҵࠢə ؉͆Ҽ؉رͿ ՙŚथݓۆ ۆйͿԴ ّʪ ȭڹݓॠսÀϿՃěইԜڷͿݓशͿ٤͆١Čݒь ںъ҄ॠϸԴ, ّқۋݓъقԶيەäǣĀ܁জʼر
ەəݓъۋɰ. ԐҵࠢݓъڹʂߕۺڷͿݓॠսڦÀ
GL-1m҃ɰȭČ, ɗ֡̚əܼÂܓнۆ֬࣡ݗԐݗࢹ
ࠗۋ϶, ێҙĵÂقԴۤşࠞॠÀьԦॣÀɠՁۋە ə ۾ࢹ Ԑݗ࣡ࠗۋ ܕۦॢɰ. Anhydriteǣ gypsumۋ
प॥ʼرەəԐݗࢹࠗۆ˃ƍəأ210mۋČNÉ ڹ230ۋԜۆȉڹѩڦε҃ۋ϶ݓॠսڦÀȭČ
NÉۋ10 йχۍێҙɗ֡ॢԐݗࢹĵÂقԴݓъÒ
͟ۋڅĵʽɰ. Fig. 1ڹԐҵࠢݓъۋՁʼəڦ࠘
ٮՁę܁ں҃يܳČەڷ϶, Fig. 2əUAE ؉ҙɰ ҼݓًۆڦՁԐݕڷͿऻδԟڷͿǣࢍǣەəݓً
ۋԐҵࠢݓъۋɰ.
Fig. 3ڹԐҵࠢݓъࢹԐۆʂशۺۍۓʪқपčԸ ۋɰ. ۓʪқप֨ॹڹߏʪȤԸۋ֨ėʼəԐҵࠢݓ
ъأ130kmقԴ100200m ÂüڷͿ֨߸ܓԐε֬
֨ॠيࠄॢ֨Βεۋڌॠي֬֨ॠٕڷ϶֨ॹڹ
Á23ধ֬֨ॠٕɰ. ʂҙқۆԐҵࠢࢹԐəFig.
3(a)ٮÏۋՃςқۋ15% ǴٽۍҾۓʪۆÀəϿ͒ۋ
϶, ێҙĵÂ(أ10% ĵÂ)قԴFig. 3(b)ٮÏڹқपε
҃ۋČەɰ.
Ԑҵࠢݓъڹȭڹݓॠսڦٮսқقϔڍࠄأॢ
Ā܁ߕͿۍॠي֨ėфڏٖܼɰتॢЛ܃εьԦ֨
࢈ÀɠՁۋەڷ϶ܳڅݓъėॡۺЛ܃əɰڼęÏ ۋڅأॣսەɰ.
- ݓъǴÌʪÀǰڹĀ܁ߕͿۍॢݓъÌʪ۹ॠ
+d, +e, Ilj1# 61# W|slfdo# judlq# vl}h# glvwulexwlrq# ri# Dex# Gkdel# Vdenkd# vrlo
# # # # #
+d,# Fdvh# 4
# # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # +e,# Fdvh# 5# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # +f,# Fdvh# 6
Ilj1# 71# Uhodwlrqvkls# ehwzhhq# ehdulqj# fdsdflw|# ri# Vdenkd# duhd# dqg# jurxqg0zdwhu# ohyho
- ݓॠսڦԜ֧̚əࠞսͿĀ܁ߕۆČĀԜ֬Ϳ
ۍॢңĨՁࠞॠьԦÀɠՁ - ۤşࠞॠÀɠՁ
- ֨ė֨trafficability Л܃
- ّқʪȭڹࢹԐфݓॠսͿۍॢࡓࡾν࣡ࠞЀ,
ͪێۆҙ֩Л܃
2.2 ⴋ㢣╣⩏⤛# ᳃# ⏷⅗ㆿ# ⴋὣ⪣# ⴋⴋ᭰# 㘄⑼
UAE ǴԐҵࠢݓъۆÌʪəݓॠսڦٮнۿॢě
ćÀەڷ϶, ইۤܓԐεࣀॠيݓॠսڦق˰͆ࡾó
3ÀݓCaseͿǣɀرߏʪȤъ֨ėѓѪںԸ܁ॠٕɰ.
߯ČݓॠսڦÀأGL-50cm-1m ܁ʪۍąڍ(Case 1) ʂߕͿئČ(10cm) æܓʽ˱˱ॢԐҵࠢࡾ֟͠
࣡(Fig. 4(a))Ϳʙيەڷ϶, ইۤܓԐĀęҼİۺȭڹ
ݓݓͳں҃ۋČەؽɰ. ݓϸۋϿՃěইԜڷͿأÂ
܂رەəԜۆݓॠսڦÀȭڹĵÂ(GL-30cm Ǵٽ, Case 2) ً֨Ԑҵࠢࡾ֟࣡͠ͿʙيەݓχН͠ݕԜ
ۋ϶Ձۍۋèؽں˺12cmŪۋۆьۙĶۋԦş
ə܁ʪۋɰ(Fig. 4(b)). ݓॠսڦÀݓशϸęäۆʴێ
Ilj1# 81# Jurxqg# hohydwlrq# ri# vriw# jurxqg# uhtxlulqj# vrlo# lpsuryhphqw
+d, +e, +f,
Ilj1# 91# Whvw# Hpedqnphqw# lq# Vdenkd# duhd# zlwk# jurxqg0zdwhu# ohyho# ri# JO031804# p
ॠäǣݓशϸقНۋČيەəąڍ(Fig. 4(c), Case 3) ՁۍЅИóεݓݓॠݓЇॠČИμڦūݓӇݗ܁ʪ ۆϔڍأॢݓݓͳںٕ҃ɰ. ˰͆Դ, Tomlinson(1978) ڹԐҵࠢݓъۋपজʼرÌʪۆÇՙÀʼəìں
φşڦ३ʪͿȤъembankmentÀχܓڦ҃ɰȭó߹
ܓʼرآ॥ںÌܓॠٕڷ϶, Ellis & Russell(1974)ə
ԐҵࠢݓъقʪͿ֨ė֨पۤϸۋχܓڦ҃ɰ߯ՙ
1mڦقԺ࠘ʼرآॢɰČńČॠٕɰ.
Fig. 5əԐҵࠢݓъق֨ėʾٚ܁ۍߏʪȤԸں˰
͆ݓъܓԐεսॱॠيٚࠑʽߏʪՁࢹԐϸॠҙݓъ Ԝε҃يܳČەɰ. ݓъܓԐəأ100200m Âüڷ ͿأGL-10mūݓսॱॠٕɰ. Fig. 5قԴ҇սەə
цٮÏۋݓъÒ͟ۋज़څॢŔρقश֨ʽ“Sabkha Loose Sand” ĵÂڹɰδĵÂقҼ३ԜʂۺڷͿݓ ъČÀǰڹݓًےں؎սەڷ϶, ۋĵÂقԴߏʪ
Ȥъ֨ė֨߿қॢݓъČεঝ҃ॠČّқȭڹݓ ॠսۆࠞ࣊εφںսەəݓ١ࢭ֟ࢍێˣںԺ࠘
ॢɰϸࠞॠÀࡾóЛ܃Àʼݓə؍ںìڷͿࣺɳ ʽɰ.
2.3 ⏷⅗ㆿ#ⴋὣ##⑼㓫⪣#⢓⭠⑼#㜔ཋ᳇#⩏㢧#☧㤣☧၀
2.3.1 Case 1 & 2: 㐷㿏ⲏㅻᙷ#GL-1m❫ᵛ#ᰉᜃ#ㅻ㣏 㿓# ㎈ᙻ㋧♷# ⬸㇏# ⬣㐿㰗# ៣ᙻ
Fig. 4(a)ٮڮԐॢĵÂقԴembankment ֨ė֨؋
܁ՁथÀٮ֨ࠞॠфؓнࠞॠ͟ںࠑ܁ॠşڦ३
أ4m ȭۋۆՁࢹ֨ॹ֨ėں֬֨ॠٕɰ. ݓॠսڦٮ
ڙݓъԜεࣷ؊ॠşڦ३Fig. 6(a)ٮÏۋtest pit ֨ ॹںॠČ, Ձࢹۆࠞॠ͟ںࠑ܁ॠşڦ३Fig. 6(b)ٮÏ ۋ3Òۆࠞॠࠑ܁ڌࣷۋ॒εԺ࠘ॢÁࠗں250mm Ϳॠي11ࢻ͠Ϳɰݙں֬֨ॠٕɰ(Fig. 6(c)). ڙݓ ъڹNÉۋ1525܁ʪۆܼÂܓнԐݗࢹݓъۋ϶
ݓॠսڦəݓशϸقԴأ50cmͿࠑ܁ʼؽɰ. ॠΘق
250mm2ࠗڷͿ500mmࠗںɰݙॠيأ24֨Â
ࠞॠ͟ںࠑ܁ॠČ, ߯ܛۺڷͿţۋ30m, ȭۋ4mۆ
embankmentεՁࢹॠيࠞॠ͟ںࠑ܁ॠٕɰ. Ձࢹۦ əԵধؒݗ̚əԵČݗۆॄজؒ(gatch)ںԐڌॠٕɰ.
Table 1ڹ֨ॹՁࢹܼࠞॠ͟ćࠑĀęε҃يܳČ
ەڷ϶, ɰݙ֨ė֨؋܁ՁقəЛ܃ÀьԦॠݓ؍ؕ
ɰ. ߯ߣ500mmࠗɰݙ֨ࠞॠ͟ڹأ5mm܁ʪ
Ϳࠑ܁ʼؽČϔ500mm ߸ÀՁࢹ֨15mmۆ߸À
Wdeoh# 41# Vhwwohphqw# Uhdglqj
Sodwh# Qr1 318# p# kljk#
hpedqnphqw
413# p# kljk#
hpedqnphqw
513# p# kljk#
hpedqnphqw
613# p# kljk#
hpedqnphqw
713# p# kljk#
hpedqnphqw Diwhu# 6# zhhnv
4 7# pp 9# pp ;# pp 46# pp 4:# pp 4<# pp
5 9# pp :# pp 44# pp 47# pp 48# pp 4:# pp
6 45# pp 45# pp 4:# pp 4<# pp 55# pp 57# pp
+d, +e, +f,
Ilj1# :1# Whvw# Hpedqnphqw# lq# Vdenkd# duhd# zlwk# jrxqg0zdwhu# ohyho# dw# wkh# jurxqg# vxuidfh
ࠞॠÀьԦॠٕڷ϶, ߯ܛۺڷͿ4m Ձࢹɀۺࠞ
ॠ͟ڹأ20mm սܵڷͿࠑ܁ʼؽɰ. ՁࢹٰΒأ
3ܳʴ؋ࠞॠ͟ںćࠑॢĀęأ2mm ܁ʪۆ߸Àࠞ
ॠÀьԦॠٕČ, أ60ێقʪ߸Àࠞॠəäۆь Ԧॠݓ؍ؕɰ.
ݓॠսڦÀGL-30cm-1m ؋قڦ࠘ॢCase 1ęCase 2ۆąڍʔ॒࣡͡ęɰݙڌۤҼÀݕۓॠəʚəࢀ
ИνÀػؽڷ϶, ߏʪॠܼقۆॢࠞॠقʂҼॠيɳ şÂʴ؋ۆԸॱॠܼėѪۺڌۋۺۼॣìڷͿࣺɳ ʽɰ. ڏٖܼьԦॠə߸Àࠞॠقʂ३ԴəۙÄʪ Ԝۆ҃սˣڷͿÂɳ০३ĀʾսەںìڷͿԐΒ ʽɰ.
2.3.2 Case 3: 㐷㿏ⲏㅻᙷ#㐷㻓⓫ぇ#㇯㊈㿏っ#ㅻ㣏㿓#
ᴇⴟ㿓# ⬣㐿㰗# ៣ᙻ
Case 3ۆܓæںϿԐॠşڦ३Ԑҵࠢࡾ֟࣡ࠗ͠
ę॥ƍशࠗҙأ50cmε܃äॠيݓॠսڦÀݓशϸ ęʴێॠóχ˜Ձࢹ֨ॹںսॱॠٕɰ. ʪڍ۹ε
ۋڌॠيţۋ10m, फ5m, Ūۋ0.5mۆ࣡ͬ࠘εܓՁ ॠٕڷ϶, أ1֨ÂFig. 7(a)ٮÏۋĹϸقݓॠ սÀ٤͆١əìںěॣսەؽɰ. Fig 7(b)ٮÏۋ
ࠞॠࠑ܁ࣺęࣷۋ॒εԺ࠘ॢˏߒѥݫ֨ॹęʴێ ॠóFig 7(c)ٮÏۋ߯ߣՁࢹɰݙࠗں250mmͿɰ ݙں֨ʪॠٕɰ. ॠݓχ, ߯ߣ250mm ࠗۆՁࢹɰݙ
֨ʪܼݓॠսÀɰݙशϸūݓ٤͆ٵڷ϶০ӄۋь Ԧॠيࠞॠࠑ܁ࣺڹ١০Ͳ135mm Ԝ֧ॠٕČ۾
ۺڷͿFig. 4(c)ۆԜٮڮԐॢٍأॢܓæۋՁʼ ؽɰ.
Fig. 7ęÏۋݓॠսڦÀݓशϸقäۆۍۿॢɗ֡
ॢԐݗࢹܓæقԴə߯ߣՁࢹɰݙࠗں҃ɰ˃Ɖó
500mm Ϳॠيɰݙں֨ʪॢąڍقʪɰݙܼembankment ۆ؋܁ՁقЛ܃ÀьԦॠٕɰ. ˰͆Դ, ݓॠսڦÀȭ Čɗ֡ॢԐݗࢹĵÂقʂ३ԴəݓъÒ͟ՁࢹÀ
ज़څॣìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ.
ݓॠսڦÀȭڹɗ֡ॢ֬࣡ݗԐݗࢹݓъۆÒ͟
ںڦ३Fig. 8ęÏڹėѪۆۺڌՁںêࢹॠٕɰ. ֟ ࢻ࠺ͤėѪڹԐڍ˥ٮνҼ؉ߏʪ, ʪͿ֨ė֨Ԑ ҵࠢÒ͟ںڦ३ۺڌʽԐͻÀەڷ϶ݓݓͳںɳş ÂقॳԜ֨࢈սەəÀۤমęۺۍѓѪۋ͆ॣս
ەݓχ, ҆ԐͻٮÏۋĐۦܓɵۋرͲڏݓًقԴə
ėԐҼÀϔڍČÀ͆ۺڌॠşرͷɰ. ֟ࢻ࠺ͤėѪ ęڮԐॠóݓݓͳںॳԜ֨࢈սەəėѪڷͿsoil cement column ėѪۆۺڌʪČͲॣսەɰ. ॠݓχ
soil cement column ėѪۆąڍّқȭڹԐҵࠢݓъ قԴۆۺڌԐͻÀػرŔমęÀêݒʼݓ؍ڹЛ܃
Àەر߿қॢêࢹÀज़څॠɰ.
҆ȦЛۆʂԜݓًǴԐҵࠢݓъۆՁںČͲॣ
˺Àۤą܃ۺۍݓъÒ͟ėѪڹԸॱॠܼėѪۋ͆
ॣսەəʚ, ҆ԐͻٮÏۋėԐşÂۋϔڍݥڹ
ąڍ90% ۋԜۆؓнՙڅ֨Âں܁ঝ০ٚࠑॠČŔ ق˰͆Ճ֮ॢ֨ėćনۆսςۋܼڅॠɰ. Fig. 3ۆ
ԐҵࠢݓъۆۓʪқपČͲَ֨ॠܼCooper E-80
+d,# vwrqh# froxpq +e,# vrlo# fhphqw# froxpq Ilj1# ;1# Dowhuqdwlyh# jurxqg# lpsuryhphqw# phwkrgv
+d,# Zlqg# eorzq# vdqg +e,# Prylqj# gxqhv
Ilj1# <1# Zlqg# eorzq# vdqg# dqg# prylqj# gxqhv
قʂॠيؓнࠞॠ͟ڹأ7.912.5cmͿٚࠑʼؽڷ
϶, 90% ؓнՙڅ֨ÂڹथŒأ70ێ܁ʪۋǣێҙ
۾ࢹԐҵࠢݓъقԴ߯ʂ300ێ܁ʪÀՙڅʾìڷ ͿٚԜʼؽɰ. ҆Ԑͻۆąڍ, Fig. 5ٮÏۋݓъÒ͟
ۋज़څॢĵÂۋݚܼʼرەرėݔʂԜĵÂق
ԸॱॠܼںڦॢembankmentεڍԸۺڷͿ߹ܓॠČ
ࢍĵÂۆՁࢹфߏʪͪێ֨ėܼԸॱॠܼںٰΒ֨
࢈սەںìڷͿࣺɳʼؽɰ.
Case 3ٮÏۋݓॠսڦÀϔڍȭڹɗ֡ॢ֬࣡ݗ
̚ə۾ࢹݗԐݗࢹݓъۆÒ͟ںڦ३ԴϤ۹թԵں
पԺॠيtrackabilityεȭۍՁࢹεսॱॠيآॢ
ɰ. 1ধɰݙࠗ˃ƍεئóॠيɰݙں֨ʪॣąڍٍ
أॢࠗقęʪॢقȃݓÀÈۚ֟ͥóۻɵʼرݓъ ۆҝ؋܁ںߣ͒ॣսەڷдͿ, ߯ߣՁࢹͿأ1m˃
ƍۆՁࢹۦपԺݓъں؋܁জ֨ࢇČܼ͟ۆ
͠εۋڌॢɰݙںսॱॠيآॢɰ. ݓъܓæق˰
͆Ըॱॠܼȭۋεɵνॠيۦॠॠϸߏʪॠܼںݓ ݓॠəʚज़څॢݓݓͳںঝ҃ॠəìۋÀɠॣìڷ Ϳࣺɳʼؽɰ.
3. Wind Blown Sand Mitigation
3.1 Introduction
ԐφݓًǴߏʪ֨ė֨Ͽ͒ц͊قۆॢߏʪԸͿ ۆࠞ֩ˣۆЛ܃Ϳۍ३ߏʪڏॱقࢀݓۤںߣ͒ॣ
սەş˺ЛقϿ͒ц͊قۆॢߏʪȤԸǴϿ͒ࣅۺ ں۹Ç֨࢈սەəѓݓėۆćনսςۋϔڍܼڅॠ ɰ. ԐφǴߏʪڏॱܼьԦॣսەəЛ܃ͿəϿ͒
ц͊ڷͿۍ३ߏʪʪԜقϿ͒ÀּۋəЛ܃(Fig.
9(a))ٮԐĵۆۋʴ(dune migration)ڷͿԐĵÀߏʪȤ
ԸقࠞѩॠəЛ܃(Fig. 9(b)) ˣࡾó˃ÀݓͿǣɄ
Ilj1#431#Uhodwlrqvkls#ehwzhhq#gxqh#khljkw#dqg#dgydqfh#udwh#iru#
vlpsoh# fuhvfhqw# gxqhv# lq# Wdnolpdndq# Ghvhuw# +Zdqj# hw#
do1/# 5335,
սەɰ.
ԐĵۆۋʴՁڹԐĵۆÀۤই۹ॠČܼڅॢՁ ۋɰ(Livingstone & Warran, 1996). ॠݓχ, Ԑĵۆۋʴ ڷͿۍॢߏʪȤԸࠞѩЛ܃əϿ͒ц͊قۆॢ͓࣡
ǴϿ͒߹ۺЛ܃قҼ३ݓॡۺՁٍĵεࣀ३ʂ
ÌĵÀҼİۺսښॠɰČॣսەɰ(Moon et al., 2012). ʂԜݓًۆąڍԐĵۆۋʴ՚ʪٮѓॳۋҼ İۺێ܁ॠيԐĵۆۋʴں۹Ç֨ࢅə܁ॢʂ
ėѪ(mitigation method)ں ۺڌॢɰş ҃ɰə Ԑĵۆ
ۋʴ՚ʪε܁ঝ০ࣷ؊ॠيԐĵÀߏʪȤԸںࠞѩ ॠşۻʂőϿۆ“܁νۚغ”ںڦॢۍͳфۤҼ࣊ۓ
ćন(maintenance plan)ںՃڍəìۋʌڎমęۺۋ͆
ॣսەɰ.
ъϸϿ͒ц͊قۆ३ߏʪڏॱقٖॳںܳəìں
߯ՙজॠşڦॢʂڹԺćɳćقԴҙࢢي͠ʂ
ėѪۆۺڌՁˣںêࢹॠيآॠ϶ۋ͠ॢʂėѪ
֨ԺНۆڮݓěνćনںՃڍəì̚ॢܼڅॠɰ. Ͽ
͒ц͊ęěʹʽܳڅengineering issue˞ڹɰڼęÏ ۋڅأॣսەɰ.
- ͓࣡ǴϿ͒߹ۺڷͿۍॢَԸ - Ͽ͒ц͊قۆॢembankmentۆࠞ֩
- ь͆֟࣡١ّ: ÌՁʪ۹ॠ, ͪێࣷԜυϹ(corrugation),
ࠞॠ
- қşşşɠؙۤ
- ֪֨֟ࢰşɠؙۤ
3.2 Sand dune migration
ʂԜݓًۆݓॡۺՁٍĵεࣀॢԐĵۆۋʴ ąͿٮۋʴ՚ʪۆԓ܁قěॢٍĵǴڌڹ۹ۙÀݚ ज़ॢMoon et al.(2012)ۆȦЛق܁νʼرەڷ϶҆
ۼقԴəŔǴڌܼێҙεьࠂॠٕɰ. ʂԜݓًǴ
३؋ԐҵࠢĵÂڷͿҙࢢأ150kmۆǴΫݓًڹࡾ
ó5ÒۆۋʴՁۋࢀԐĵݓًڷͿǣɄսەɰ.
10m
Ԑĵȭۋ5 to 10m
10m
30m
45m ۋॠۆČʂʂԐĵεࢍČۋʴ)
Ԑĵۆۋʴ՚ʪεԓॠşڦ३ψڹٍĵÀۋΘ رܐɰ(Bagnold, 1941; Liu, 1960; Zhu et al., 1981). ʂ ҙқۆইۤćࠑڹۋʴՁۋࢀȭۋÀǰڹԐĵقʂ ३ԴχۋΘرܐČ, ʂԐĵۆۋʴՁڹ२ėԐݕқ Եںࣀ३ࠑ܁ʾսەɰ. ٍ҆ĵʂԜݓًǴԐĵۆ
ۋʴąͿٮ՚ʪə߯Ŗ10țÂۆ२ėԐݕںҼİқ Եॠيԓ܁ॠٕɰ. ʂԜݓًǴԐĵ˞ڹێ܁ॢڍՃ
ॄۆॄॳقۆ३äۆێ܁ॠóǫʴޅѓॳڷͿۋʴ ॠəìڷͿěʼؽڷǣ३؋ۍۿĵÂۆąڍݓً
ۺڷͿأÂۆѺজəěʼؽɰ. ʂԐĵ˞ڹԐ֬
ԜړݔےۋäۆػČǰڹԐĵ˞ڹț1.58m ܁ʪ
ۋʴ॥ں҇սەؽɰ. Ԑĵȭۋ(dune height, H)ٮۋ ʴ՚ʪ(mitigation rate, M)ۆÒ͜ۺъҼͻěćقە ڷ϶ԐĵϿ͒ۆۋʴ͟ڹ֩(1)ęÏۋԓ܁ॣս
ەɰ.
`Volume MH (m
3/ year / linear meter) (1)
Ԑĵۆۋʴ՚ʪٮԐĵȭۋۆъҼͻěćəݓً
ق˰͆ࢀठεǣࢍǴݓχ, Bagnold(1941)ڹʂԜݓ
ًۆԐĵ˞ۋʴێॢц͊ԜфԐĵÀۋʴॠəц ɱۋठथॢۋԜۺۍԜقԴəԐĵۆۋʴ՚ʪٮ
ȭۋÀԴͿԜěěćقەɰČॠٕڷ϶Finket(1959) ٮLong & Sharp(1964)ۆٍĵقԴݒϼʼؽɰ. Fig. 10 ڹTaklimakan ԐφԐĵۆۋʴ՚ʪٮԐĵȭۋۆě ćۆٚۋɰ(Wang et al., 2002).
ٍ҆ĵʂԜݓًقԴԐĵۆȭۋÀ4m ۋԜۍąڍ,
ԐĵϿ͒ۆۋʴ͟ڹأ20m
3/year/mͿěʼؽČ, Ԑ
Ilj1#441#Gliihuhqw#pdqqhu#ri#sduwlfoh#pryhphqwv#ghshqglqj#rq#
zhljkw# ri# sduwlfoh
Ilj1# 451# Ohh# Vlgh# Iorz# Sdwwhuqv# +L1# Zdonhu/# 5335,
Ilj1# 461# Zlqg# eorzq# vdqg# plwljdwlrq# phwkrgv
ĵۆȭۋÀ4m ۋॠۍąڍ, ۋʴ͟ڹأ22m
3/year/m Ϳԓ܁ʼؽɰ(Moon et al. 2012). Ԑڍ˥؉͆Ҽ؉قԴ
ࠑ܁ʽԐĵۋʴ͟ڹ30m
3/year/mūݓࠑ܁ʼؽČ25m
йχۆцβࠤ ԐĵۆथŒۋʴ՚ʪəțÂ15mͿࠑ
܁ʼؽɰ(Watson, 1985). Ԑĵۆۋʴ՚ʪə߯ՙϿ͒
ۋʴϿʝ(minimal sand transport models)قŖäॠيॢ
ćॄ՚ۋԜۆц͊ݓ՚֨Â, ॢćॄ՚ۋԜۋьԦॠ
ٕں˺ۆथŒॄ՚قʂॢц͊ۻɳ՚ʪۆқपˣں
ČͲॠيۋۺڷͿʪथÀʼؽڷ϶ϔڍڮԐॢĀ ęÀصرܐɰ.
3.3 ᜏᓃ⑫# # ᷳ㔿⭌# ⭋ཛ၀ῠ
ц͊ۋےćॄ՚ۋԜۋʼϸϿ͒ۓۙəࡾşق˰
͆Fig. 11قशইʽìęÏۋʪأ(saltation, bouncing and jumping), ćΪ(suspension), ࡾν॒(creep) Ϳۋ ʴॠóʽɰ(Bagnold, 1941). ێъۺڷͿϿ͒ۓۙۆأ
75%ÀʪأęćΪۆ҄०äʴڷͿۋʴॠČ, ǣϢݓ
25%əц͊ъʂठԐĵԐϸںࢍČԐĵƛʂşقԴ
creepingڷͿИȃݓ϶ۋʴॠəìڷͿ؎Ͳ܋ەɰ.
Fig. 12قԴ҃ϸϿ͒ۓۙÀԐĵۆ߯Č۾ںݓǣ
Ǩ؉Àцɱق̆رݓČɰ֨цɱϸں˰͆ʪأę
ćΪۆ҄०äʴڷͿۋʴ(re-attached flow)ॠş֨ۚॠ əݓ۾ۋԞͿڏԐĵÀχ˞رݓəڦ࠘ۋČ˃ۍۿ
ॢԐĵۆäνۋ϶, ŔäνəԐĵۆȭۋقҼͻॢɰ Č؎Ͳ܋ەɰ(Walker, 2002). ҆ȦЛۆٍĵʂԜݓً
ǴԐĵۆ߯Č۾ҙࢢڍՃॄѓॳޅقۍۿॢԐĵÀ
Ilj1# 471# Jurxqg# hohydwlrq# lq# phjd# gxqh# duhd
֨ۚॠəݓ۾(toe of slope) ԐۋۆäνεڦՁԐݕڷ Ϳҙࢢࠑ܁ॢÉڹأ7H(H = ۋʴՁȭڹԐĵۆȭ ۋ)ͿҼİۺێ܁ॠٕڷ϶ЛॶقǣٮەəÉۆथŒ
࠘܁ʪʼəìںࣷ؊ॣսەؽɰ(Walker, 2002).
ۋ͠ॢࠑ܁࠘əߏʪȤԸقۍۿॢԐĵƛʂşͿ ҙࢢǨͲ١əϿ͒ÀߏʪȤԸǴقּۋəìںφں
սەʪԺ࠘ॠəϿ͒ࣅۺѓݓėۆࡾşεĀ܁ॠ əʚԐڌʽɰ. ٍ҆ĵʂԜĵًǴԐĵۆȭۋ(H)ə
أ515mۋдͿ, Ͽ͒ࣅۺѓݓėۆफڹؘقԺϼॢ
ìߌͤأ35105m(7H) ܁ʪʼآॣìڷͿ߸܁ॣ
սەɰ.
Fig. 13قߏʪ͓࣡ǴϿ͒ࣅۺں߯ՙজॠşڦॢ
ي͠ܛΪۆϿ͒ц͊۹ÇėѪۋ܁νʼرەɰ. Ͽ͒
ц͊۹Çʂڹࡾóङ֟ˣںۋڌॠيϿ͒ц͊ں
φəѓѪ, ėşζںڮʪॠيϿ͒ц͊ۋߏʪȤъ ںݓǣ࠘óॠəѓѪ, ߏʪȤъۍۿϿ͒शϸںʙر
ц͊قۆॢϿ͒ۋʴ͟ںܶۋəѓѪˣڷͿǣɄս
ەɰ(Watson, 1985). ॠݓχইۦūݓԐڌʽي͠ѓѪ
˞ںܓԐ३҆цقۆॠϸԐφǴߏʪæԺ֨Ͽ˜
ܓæقԴÀۤমęۺۍϿ͒ц͊۹ÇėѪڹػڷ϶, Ͽ͒ԐφۆԐĵۆݓॡۺٍĵεࢹʂͿߏʪԸͿ
фқşş, Ͽ͒ц͊۹ÇںڦॢĵܓН, ֪֨֟ࢰ
ˣقʂॢߏ۹ॢڮݓ҃սфěνćনۆսςۋʌڎ
ܼڅॠČą܃ۺێìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ. ڮݓ҃սфěν
ə܁şêԐф҃ս, Ͽ͒फॄьԦ֨ڿś҃սćন, ߏʪȤԸقۍۿॠيۿŖॠəԐĵۆ܁şۺۍ܃ä
ۚغںڦॢʂɳڦۍͳ࣊ۓфۤҼڏڌćনսςˣ ۋज़څॠɰ.
4. ᙋᄧᷳ# ⑼⭓㓫# Engineering Issue
4.1 ⏷ᴔᷳ# ⫐ᜏ# # ᘯⴛ㘄⑼
ۋʴՁۋۚڹʂőϿۆԐĵĵÂ(Fig. 14)قԴəȭ ۋ30m ۋԜۆʂőϿՁࢹ̚əۼࢹÀज़څॣսە ɰ. ॠݓχ҆ԐͻٮÏۋتݗۆՁࢹۦεܓɵॠş
رͲڏąڍҙ˛ۋॠóԐφϿ͒εՁࢹۦͿԐڌॠ يآॢɰ. ԐφϿ͒εՁࢹۦͿڮڌ֨ъ˚֨ۓʪ
фɰݙՁںࣷ؊ॣज़څÀەɰ.
҆ʂԜĵÂǴԐĵقԴࠄॢԐφϿ͒ۆۓʪε
қԵॢĀęʂҙқFig. 15ٮÏۋ510%ۆՃςқ (֬࣡), 6070%ۆÀəϿ͒(fine sand), 2530%ۆܼ
ÂĺşۆϿ͒ͿĵՁʼرەڷ϶, ŒˣćսÀأ34
܁ʪۆҾۓʪ(poorly graded)εٕ҃ɰ. ݓॠսڦ؉͒
أ1.5m ۋॠقԴٍۙ॥սҼəأ1316% ܁ʪۋ϶
Ūۋق˰͆أÂݒÀॠəąॳںٕ҃ɰ. शࠗҙϿ
͒ۆ॥սҼəࠑ܁ʼݓə؍ؕݓχ12% սܵڷͿ
ǰںսەںìڷͿٚࠑʽɰ.
Ilj1# 481# W|slfdo# judlq# vl}h# glvwulexwlrq# ri# gxqh# vdqg
Ilj1# 491# Frpsdfwlrq# fxuyhv# iru# gxqh# vdqg
Ilj1# 4:1# FEU# whvw# uhvxowv# ri# gxqh# vdqg# frpsdfwlrq
Fig. 16ڹইۤقԴࠄॢԐφϿ͒ۆʂशۺۍश
॒ܵࢢфս܁॒ࢢ֨ॹɰݙčԸں҃يܳČ
ەɰ. ߯ʂæܓɳڦܼ͟(MDD)ڹश॒ܵࢢ֨ॹę
ս܁॒ࢢ֨ॹ֨ÁÁ1.691.71Mg/m
3ę1.74
1.75Mg/m
3Ϳ ɰݙقȃݓ ݒÀق ˰δ нʪۆ ݒÀÀ
ϔڍۺڼ(أ3%)ں؎սەؽɰ. ̚ॢ॥սҼѺজق
˰δæܓɳڦܼ͟ۆѺজÀϔڍۺڷ϶, ߯ۺ॥սҼ
Àश॒ܵࢢ֨ॹęս܁॒ࢢ֨ॹقԴ1516%
Ϳäۆʴێ॥ں؎սەɰ.
Fig. 17ڹԐφϿ͒ۆ֬ǴCBR ֨ॹÉں҃يܳČ
ەɰ. ֬ǴCBR ÉڹʂߕͿ1015%ۆѩڦε҃ۋČ
ەڷ϶, ɰݙقȃݓεݒÀॠيʪCBR ÉۆݒÀεş ʂॠşرͲڏìڷͿǣࢍǮɰ. ۋəɰݙ֨ॹ֨श
॒ܵͿࢢ֨ॹęս܁॒ࢢ֨ॹقԴ߯ʂæܓɳڦ
ܼ͟ۆۋÀۺڹìęěʹۋەɰČॣսەɰ. ̚
ॢইݓʪͿ֨ėܼইۤф֬Ǵ֨ॹۙΒٮইݓ֨
ėąॹۙۆۙЛںܓॢĀęڮԐॢĀںصؽڷ
϶ԐφϿ͒Ϳ15% ۋԜۆইۤCBR Éںصşəر ͲڐìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ.
4.2 ⑼㓫ὴῠ
Fig. 18ڹ҆ԐͻۆߏʪȤъĵՁęÁࠗۆɰݙ
фÌʪ߯ՙܓæں҃يܳČەɰ. ֬Ǵ֨ॹĀęεқ Եॠٕں˺ݓॠսڦ1.5m ؉͒ۆࢹԐۆٍۙ॥սҼ À߯ۺ॥սҼ҃ɰأ12% ܁ʪǰڷдͿĹɳ
֨ÂǴقɰݙںսॱॣąڍɰ͟ۆÀսػۋMDD
Ilj1# 4;1# Plqlpxp# Frpsdfwlrq# Uhtxluhphqwv# iru# Udlozd|# Hpedqnphqw
Ilj1# 4<1# Jdwfk# vrlo
95% ɰݙսܵۋصرݗսەںìڷͿԐΒʽɰ. ɰ ݙܼ֖óæܓʼəşՁęϔڍŒݗॢÀəϿ͒
ՁںČͲॣ˺ɰݙ֨ॢࠗۆ˃ƍε1m սܵڷͿ
ࡾóॠČpolygonal type ˣۆČܼ͟ۆ͠εۋڌॢ
ɰݙۋʌڎমęۺێìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ. ॠݓχ, ԐφϿ
͒εۋڌॠيইۤɰݙ֨ॹںսॱॢĀęॢࠗں
1mͿɰݙॠٕں˺Ԝҙ2/3(67cm)ڹMDD 95% սܵ
ۆɰݙۋۋΘرܐݓχॠҙ1/3(33cm)ڹMDD 90
95% սܵۆɰݙۋʿںঝۍॣսەؽɰ. ˰͆Դ, MDD 90% ɰݙۋڅĵʼəgeneral fillۆʂɳڦՁࢹ εڦ३ԐφϿ͒ۆԐڌۋ߿қ০ÀɠॣìڷͿࣺɳ ʽɰ.
Ѫϸ҃ٮԐφϿ͒ɰݙ֨ĵ՚মęεصşڦॢ
bank-gradeٮԜʂۺڷͿȭڹɰݙսܵںڅॠəsub- gradeəۍۿࢹࠄۤقԴࠄॣսەəgatchεԐڌ
ॣսەɰ. GatchۦəԵধؒݗ̚əԵČݗԐؒڷͿ ԴUAE, Ԑڍ˥؉͆Ҽ؉εप॥ॢيܼ͠ʴݓًقԴ
ʪͿ֨ė֨ϔڍॠóۋəɰݙۦΒۋ϶Қй
ˣæܓݓًقԴɰݙۦΒͿ০ۋČەəcaliche (calcrete)ٮڮԐॢėॡۺՁںÀݓČەɰČ؎Ͳ
܋ەɰ. Fig. 19əٍĵʂԜݓًۍŖࢹࠄۤقԴࠄ ʽgatch ࢹԐٮۋεۋڌॠيɰ܋ݕҼपۤʪͿε
҃يܳČەɰ.
Gatch ࢹԐəcavityεप॥ॢأॠóĀ०ʽҙқۋ
ψ؉ۋεқթॠ϶ɰ֨þČॠóɰݓşڦ३ܼ͟ۆ
ɰݙşćεۺڌॠيآॢɰ. ̚ॢ, ęʪॢɰݙڷͿۍ ३ۓۙÀՃςݗͿҙ։ݓəìںφşڦ३2-3ѥۆɰ ݙۚغڷͿυИνݓںսەʪ३آॢɰ(Tomlinson, 1978). ॠݓχ, gatchࢹԐۆɰݙڷͿsub-gradeٮbank- gradeəՁॣսەںìڷͿࣺɳʼݓχ, MDD 98%, CBR 25% սܵںڅॠəsub-ballast ֨ėڹ֨ॹɰݙ
ĀęͿҙࢢࣺɳॠٕں˺رͲڐìڷͿԐΒʽɰ. ̚
ॢ, gatchۦεࠄॣսەəࢹࠄۤūݓۆäνÀϤ
ąڍԐφϿ͒ε֨ϯ࣡؋܁ߌνėѪˣڷͿÌʪε
ݒÀ֨ࡈsub-gradeٮbank-gradeε֨ėॠəìۋ҃ɰ
ۺۼॣìڷͿࣺɳʽɰ. ܳۆॣìڹڦ࠘ق˰ّ͆қ
ȭڹݓॠսÀܕۦॣսەڷдͿ֨ϯ࣡؋܁ߌνė Ѫۺڌ֨قəݓॠսڦԜҙۆæܓʽԐφϿ͒εԐ ڌ३آॢɰ.
5. # ᮫
҆ȦЛقԴəܼʴݓًߏʪ֨ė֨ۿॠóʼə
սॢݓъܓæق˰δܳڅėॡۺЛ܃ٮěʹॠيই
ۤܓԐфЛॶܓԐ, ইۤ֨ॹф֬Ǵ֨ॹˣںࣀ३
֨ėԜЛ܃۾ˣںқԵॠČʂںȦۆॠٕɰ. ٍ
ĵĀęɰڼęÏڹĀںʪॠٕɰ.
(1) ԐҵࠢݓъڹێъۺڷͿݓॠսڦÀ1mйχۍȭ ڹҾۓʪۆÀəϿ͒ݓъۋ϶, ّқۆĀ܁ߕÀ
ݓъǴقঔۦʼرەرÌڍˣڷͿۍ३ݓॠս ڦÀȭ؉܋НČےইԜۋьԦॠóʼϸңĨՁ
ࠞॠÀьԦʾڍͲÀەɰ. ݓъۆݓݓͳڹݓॠ սڦٮŪڹٍěۋەڷ϶Ŕق˰͆ߏʪȤъ֨
ėѓѪںĀ܁ॠيآॢɰ. ইۤ֨ॹĀęʂҙқۆ
ԐҵࠢݓъقԴԸॱॠܼėѪڷͿ12ɵۋǴق
ݓъں ؋܁জ֨࢈ ս ەؽڷ϶ ߏʪॠܼق ʂॢ
ݓݓͳںঝ҃ॣսەؽɰ.
(2) ԐĵۆۋʴՁڹߏʪȤԸۆȤԸԸ܁ęڏٖćন قܼڅॢۍۙۋɰ. ʂԜĵÂۆąڍۋʴѓॳę
ۋʴ՚ʪÀҼİۺێ܁ॠ϶ԴͿԸъҼͻěć قەڼں؎սەؽɰ. ԐĵۆۋʴڷͿۍॢߏʪ ȤԸࠞѩЛ܃əݓॡۺՁٍĵεࣀ३Ԑĵ ۆۋʴ՚ʪεࣷ؊ॠČŔق˰δȤԸĵÂǴ܁
νۚغںڦॢۤҼфۍͳڏڌćনսςۋÀɠ
ॣìڷͿࣺɳʼؽɰ.
(3) Ͽ͒ц͊قۆॢߏʪʪԜǴϿ͒ۆ߹ۺں߯ՙ জॠşڦॢي͠ÀݓۆϿ͒ц͊۹ÇėѪۋ܃؋
ʼؽݓχϿ͒ц͊ںԦؙܳşʴ؋߿қ০ɳॣ
սەəėѪڹػؽɰ. Ͽ͒ԐφۆԐĵۆݓॡ ۺٍĵεࢹʂͿۺۼॢսܵۆϿ͒ц͊۹Çė ѪфۺڌĵÂںԺ܁ॠČ, ߏʪԸͿфқşş, Ͽ͒ц͊۹ÇںڦॢĵܓН, ֪֨֟ࢰˣقʂ
ॢߏ۹ॢڮݓ҃սфěνćনۆսςۋʌڎܼ
څॠČą܃ۺێìڷͿࣺɳʼؽɰ.
(4) ԐφϿ͒əՃςқ(֬࣡)ں510% ܁ʪεप॥ॢ
ҾۓʪۆÀəϿ͒(fine sand)ۋ϶, ɰݙ֨ɰݙق ȃݓݒÀق˰δнʪۆݒÀÀϔڍۺČ॥սҼ
Ѻজق˰δæܓɳڦܼ͟ۆѺজÀϔڍۺڼں
؎սەؽɰ. ԐφϿ͒əۺۼॢÌʪۆbank grade Ϳĵ՚ॠيɰݗąڍMDD 90% ɰݙڹÀɠॣ
ìڷͿࣺɳʼؽɰ. MDD 95%ٮCBR 15%ۋԜۆ
ɰݙۋज़څॢbank gradeٮsub-gradeəۍۿࢹ ࠄۤۋەںąڍgatch͆ҝνڍəԵধݗॄজࢹ εԐڌॠäǣԐφϿ͒ε֨ϯ࣡؋܁ߌνėѪ
ڷͿÌʪεݒÀ֨ࡈۺڌॣսەںìڷͿࣺɳ ʼؽɰ.
ཛ⏷⪣# ᅋ
ۋȦЛڹ2013ॡțʪąҚʂॡİॡցٍĵҼقۆ ॠيٍĵʼؽڼ.
⾃ါẃ㤗# (References)
1. Bagnold, R.A. (1941), The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, Chapman & Hall, London, 265p.
2. Ellis, C.I. and Russell, R.B.C. (1974), The use of salt-laden soils (Sabkha) for low cost roads. Conference on Low-cost Roads, Kuwait.
3. Finkel, H.J. (1959), “The barchans of southern Peru”, J. Geol., Vol.
67, pp.614-617.
4. Liu, Z. (1960), “Movement of dunes under the action of wind”, Acta Meteorologica Sinica, Vol. 31, pp. 84-91.
