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사회학영문강독 제 6강

전광희 교수

jkh96@cnu.ac.kr

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강독내용

사회학자 Talcott Parsons

• AGIL도식 Adaptation-Goal attainment-Integration-

Latency

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Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)

미국의 사회학자, 1927-1979년 하버 드대학 사회학 교수

콜로라도 주 Colorado Springs 출생, 부친은 목사, Amherst College 생물 전공, London School of

Economics, Heidelberg University 에 경제학 수학

유형변수(pattern variables), AGIL도 식을 제창하고, 구조기능주의 이 (Structural-Functional Theory)을 대성한 대표적 연구자로 주목되고 있음

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The Structure of Social Action

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Parsons’ Major Books

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Parsons’ Major Books

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Parsons’ Major Books

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사회체계론

Talcott Parsons는 사회를 행위의 시스템으로 파악하는데, 행위시스템은 행동유기체시스 , 퍼스낼리티시스템, 사회시스템, 문화시스템 등 4개의 하위시스템으로 구성된다.

신체, 인격, 사회, 문화라고 하는 독자의 시스템은 상호 관련되어 인간의 행위를 만들 어낸다. 시스템은 스스로를 존속시키기 위한 구조와 기능이 있으며, 이러한 분석이 Parsons의 사회체계이론으로 나중에 구조기능주의로 발전한다.

독일의 시스템 이론가 Nicolas Luhmann은 파슨즈를 계승하여, 사회체계 이론에 오토포이 에시스(autopoesis)의 사고방식을 도입하여, 차세대 사회체계 이론을 발전시켰다.

시스템은 복수의 요소가 상호간 동일성 유지목적의 전제를 공급하고, 상호 의존하여 합 일됨으로 해서 생성되는 루프이다.

시스템은 자기의 안과 밖을 구분(경계유지)하여, 자기를 유지한다.

시스템은 복잡성을 축소시켜서 안정적 질서를 만든다. 곧 특정의 상태를 예상하고, 그 상 태에 적응하도록 한다.

하나의 시스템은 그것을 고립된 것이 아니다. 시스템은 외부환경이 존재하는 경우에 의 미를 지닌다.

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유형변수

유형변수 (pattern variables)는 파슨즈가 제창한 행위 및 가치분 석을 위한 이론

유형변수의 변수적 요소

감정-감정중립성(affectivity-affective-neutrality)

자기지향-깁단지향(self vs. collectivity-orientation)

특수주의-보편주의(particularism vs. universalism)

속성본위-업적본위(ascription vs. achievement)

한정성-무한정성(specificity-diffuseness)

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Autopoiesis

• Autopoiesis = 자기창작, 자기제작, 자기산출(auto= self and poiesis = creation, production) : system capable of reproducing and maintaining itself.

용어는 1972 년 칠레의 생물학자 Humberto Maturana와 Francisco Varela가 살아있는 세포의 자기유지적인 화학작용을 정의하기 위하

여 사용되었다.

후, 이 개념은 시스템이론이나 사회학 분야에 그대로 적용되어

왔다.

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AGIL Definition

Adaptation, or the capacity of society to interact with the environment.

This includes, among other things, gathering resources and producing commodities to social redistribution.

Goal Attainment, or the capability to set goals for the future and make decisions accordingly. Political resolutions and societal objectives are part of this necessity.

Integration, or the harmonization of the entire society is a demand that the values and norms of society are solid and sufficiently convergent. This requires, for example, the religious system to be fairly consistent, and even in a more basic level, a common language.

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AGIL 도식

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Ritzer et al. Encyclopedia on AGIL Scheme

Talcott Parsons's AGIL schema summarizes the four functional requisites or imperatives of any system of action: adaptation (A), goal attainment (G), integration (I), and latent pattern maintenance (L).

Also known as the four-function paradigm, the AGIL schema specifies for structural-functional theory the needs of any living system and how that system maintains order in relation to both its external environment and internal organization.

Parsons argued that the AGIL schema could be employed in the

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Quotes from Talcott Parsons

Every social system is a functioning entity. That is, it is a system of interdependent structures and processes such that it tends to maintain a relative stability and distinctiveness of pattern and behavior as an entity by contrast with its - social or other - environment, and with it a relative independence from environmental forces.

Every social system "responds", to be sure, to the

environmental stimuli, but is not completely assimilated to its environment, maintaining rather an element of distinctiveness in the face of variations in environmental conditions. To this extent it is analogous to an organism

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More Quotes

• The social system is, thus, a very complex entity. As an organization of human interests, activities and commitments, it must be viewed as a system and in functional perspective. This is the key to its lines of organization, its modes of differentiation, and its integration. Such a system may be

considered as both structure and process, in different aspects and for different scientific purposes. Structurally, we have suggested that there is a double basis for systematizing differentiation and variation : that internal to the primary social system itself and that involved in its relations to its

primary environments, as analyzed with reference to the general system of action. Processually, the categories of analysis must follow from and

integrate with those of structure. I suggest that, given the central position language as definitive of human society, the more differentiated and

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참고문헌

G. Ritzer (ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Theory. AGIL Scheme, and Talcott Parsons

Talcott Parsons (1950), The Social System, Glencoe, IL:

Free Press

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