영어독해 약점유형모의고사
회
<CONCEPT
1-5 >
01
01
?
Although planning has many benefits, it also has some disadvantages. One of them is that plans tend to be overly ________________. When was the last time you heard a story on the news saying, “Construction of the new building has been completed eight months ahead of schedule, and the total cost was $12 million less than had been projected?” Instead, most projects come in late and over budget. One famous example is the opera house in Sydney, Australia, now recognized as one of the world’s most beautiful and impressive buildings, which was started in 1957. The plans said it would cost $7 million and be completed early in 1963. By 1963 it was nowhere near finished and it was already over budget. The plans were cut back to save time and money, but even so it was not finished until 1973 (10 years late), and the cost had run to more than $100 million!
skeptic ① complicated ② diverse ③ realistic ④ optimistic ⑤
?
When people go to the supermarket, they often have a choice between buying local and buying organic. For example, one apple was grown without chemicals, but in a different state.
(A) In some areas, the soil is very poor or the climate is not suited to growing particular sorts of crops. Growing things there often requires lots of extra chemicals, nutrients, and water. In these cases, food grown elsewhere may be more environmentally friendly.
(B) On the other hand, another apple was grown by using conventional farming techniques, but just a few miles away. It’s not always obvious which apple has the smallest environmental impact.
(C) In other cases, the number of miles the products must travel before they are sold reduces the benefits of organic farming. Consumers need to do their own research based on where they live and what is available there to determine the best way to reduce their carbon footprint.
(A) (C) (B) ① ② (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) ③ ④ (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) ⑤
고 . (A) (B) ?
In a study, participants were exposed to highly aversive noise stress while they were trying to solve puzzles. This noise stress made it harder for people to perform their tasks, invoking frustration, stress and lower concentration. All participants had a button on the table in front of them — in reality, this button was not connected to anything and pressing it would have no effect. However, some participants were told that pressing the button would turn off the noise. They could do so if it became too stressful or hard to bear, though it would spoil the experiment, so they should not press it if possible. No one pressed the button. Yet the participants who had this button available to them did not show all the problems and impairments that the stress had caused. They seemed to have derived considerable comfort just from knowing it was there. *aversive
Even the false belief that you can (A) some events is likely to make those events more (B) to you.
(A) (B) control ① …… bearable control ② …… miserable predict ③ …… miserable organize ④ …… bearable organize ⑤ …… meaningful
, ?
That is to say, it is essential to have control over oneself so that one does not become a slave of the products of science.
Today science has no conflict with religion. Even in ancient time, scientific progress had reached great heights and using scientific facilities was not considered anti-religious. ( ) In fact, proper use of such facilities helps in leading① a religious life. ( ) Today we are able to do many things much more conveniently② which were not possible in earlier times. ( ) Religion is, however, against too③ much dependence on scientific facilities because this could be harmful. ( )④ Otherwise science may become a cause of misery. ( ) Religion and science are⑤ complementary to each other and whenever proper coordination is kept between them, life becomes more pleasurable, at the individual and social levels.
, ?
How well a group performs a task ① depends in large part on the task-relevant resources of its members. The diversity of members’ traits and abilities, then, is an important factor in explaining group performance. Groups ② are composed of highly similar individuals who hold common beliefs and have much the same abilities are likely to view a task from a single perspective. ③ Such solidarity can be productive, but it may also mean that members will lack a critical ingredient for solving certain kinds of problems. One of a group’s greatest assets in comparison to individuals ④ acting alone is the likelihood of achieving higher-quality solutions. Carrying this logic a step further, we can reasonably expect that diversified groups tend to do better on many problem-solving tasks than ⑤ do homogeneous groups of highly similar individuals.
(A), (B), (C) ?
Culturally, science can be viewed as revolutionary. The knowledge it generates sometimes forces us to (A) [discard / retain] beliefs we have long held about ourselves and our significance in the grand scheme of things. The revolutions that we associate with Newton, Darwin, and Lyell have had as much to do with our sense of humanity as they do with our knowledge of Earth and its inhabitants. Moreover, scientific knowledge can (B) [reassure / surprise] us especially when we discover that our world is not as we perceive it or would like it to be. The discovery that Earth is billions, rather than thousands, of years old may be a case in point. Such discoveries can be so distressing that it may take us years to come to terms with the new knowledge. Part of the price we pay for obtaining knowledge is that it may make us (C) [comfortable / uncomfortable], at least initially.
(A) (B) (C) discard ① …… surprise …… comfortable retain ② …… surprise …… uncomfortable discard ③ …… reassure …… comfortable retain ④ …… reassure …… uncomfortable discard ⑤ …… surprise …… uncomfortable
고, .
I remember once visiting a county library in Ireland on a cold, wet, generally miserable day. With its white walls and large windows that all too forcefully brought the gray depressing day into the building, the library would not have attracted anyone. Walking back to my bed-and-breakfast, the rain began in earnest, so I ducked into a pub to dry off. Everything about the pub’s color scheme seemed to be aimed at creating the impression of warmth and comfort. The wood paneling and rich, warm colors invited me to come in, find a cozy nook, and enjoy the local beer. Yet in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where I lived for many years, those same white walls are _______________. In the bright sunlight, they communicate a cool and restful environment that is as inviting as the Irish library was depressing.
Color not only influences the psychological state of library customers but also provides a more physically comfortable library experience. Eye fatigue experienced by computer users can be reduced by minimizing the contrast in value between the computer screen and the walls and furniture around the computer work space. Soft colors of medium intensity on either side of the monitor are especially helpful in combating eye fatigue. The all-white library color scheme, which has been popular in recent years, increases glare and eye strain.
07
? Limited Space of Public Libraries ①
White: A Restful Color to the Eye ②
Effective Use of Color in Libraries ③
Weather Affects Our Library Experience ④
Cultural Differences in Color Preference ⑤ 08 ? unusual ① delightful ② unpopular ③ mysterious ④ uncomfortable ⑤
01
?
In chimpanzees, both males and females ___________________. In the large zoo colony that I studied, females would occasionally disarm males who were gearing up for a display. Sitting with their hair erect, hooting and swaying from side to side, male chimps may take up to ten minutes before launching a charge. This gives a female time to go over to the angry male and pry open his hands to remove heavy branches and rocks. Remarkably, the males let them do so. Females also bring males together if they seem incapable of reconciling after a fight. We have seen a mediating female literally take a male by the arm to drag him toward his rival. The males themselves also do a lot of conflict resolution. This is the task of top ranking males, who will step in when disputes overheat. Most of the time a mere approach with an imposing posture calms things down, but if necessary, the dominant male will literally beat the contestants apart.
actively broker community relations ①
usually compete for alliance partners ②
display different developmental trends ③
spend more time in pairs than other apes ④
constantly show submissive and dominant traits ⑤
?
Research is all around us. Throughout our lives we are flooded with statistics that are supposedly the result of scientific studies. Many of the important decisions we make are supported by some sort of research.
(A) Say, for example, you thought your exam scores would improve if you studied with others, so you formed a study group. After the exam you compared your grade with the grade you received on the previous exam to see if there was any significant improvement.
(B) If there was, you would likely attribute your better performance to the study group. This is the essence of research: You had an idea about some social process and you went out and tested it to see if you were correct.
(C) In addition, a significant proportion of our own lives is spent doing research. Every time we seek out the opinions of others, gauge the attitude of a group, or draw conclusions about an event, we engage in a form of research.
(A) (C) (B) ① ② (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) ③ ④ (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) ⑤
고 . (A) (B) ?
How many politicians or corporate big shots take the rap for things that aren’t their fault? It’s not usually the American way. But Joe Montana, among the best quarterbacks in NFL history, says he owes part of his success to being able to say, “I dropped the ball,” even if he didn’t. In his sixteen-year pro career (he retired in 1995), Montana was a leader who accepted the blame and shared the credit. Whenever he received a bad handoff from the man playing center, Montana says, he’d return to the sidelines and tell the coach it was his fault, even if it meant getting chewed out. “When you’re a leader,” he says, “you’ve got to be willing to take the blame. People appreciate when you’re not pointing fingers at them, because that just adds to their pressure. If you get past that, you can talk about fixing what went wrong.”
*handoff ( )
A leader should be someone who can admit he is to (A) for what is not his (B) . (A) (B) praise ① …… credit praise ② …… wrongdoing blame ③ …… credit blame ④ …… wrongdoing forgive ⑤ …… interest
?
It is easy enough to go between two places that are within sight of each other, but once line of sight is lost a mariner must have some other way of determining in which direction to sail. ① The simplest method, not reliant on charts and instruments, is known as dead reckoning. ② In simple terms it is a continuous estimation of how far and in what direction(s) a ship has sailed from its point of departure. ③ Even when a captain knows the typical performance of his ship very well, allowances must be made for variations in speed and direction caused by changes in sea conditions, currents and winds. ④ The captain is also responsible for responding to and reporting accidents and injuries among the ship’s crew and passengers. ⑤ It is possible, using dead reckoning, to make journeys of up to a few hundred miles across the open sea with some degree of reliability, although cumulative errors can easily result in missing the mark by a long distance.
(A), (B), (C) ?
In his 1943 novel, published in English as Magister Ludi, Hermann Hesse anticipated the sort of world (A) [where / which] the humanists want — and its failure. The book depicts a brotherhood of intellectuals, artists, and humanists who live a life of splendid isolation, dedicated to the Great Tradition, its wisdom and its beauty. But the hero, the most accomplished Master of the Brotherhood, (B) [decides / deciding] in the end to return to the polluted, vulgar, turbulent, strife-torn, moneygrubbing reality — for his values are only fool’s gold unless they have relevance to the world. Post-capitalist society needs the educated person even more than any earlier society (C) [did / was], and access to the great heritage of the past will have to be an essential element. Therefore, a liberal education must enable the person to understand reality and master it.
(A) (B) (C) where ① …… decides …… did where ② …… deciding …… was which ③ …… decides …… was which ④ …… deciding …… was which ⑤ …… decides …… did
, ?
A king ordered a blacksmith: “Prepare for me a signet with a motto that would temper my happiness when I enjoy good fortune, and lift me in ① spirit when I am despondent.” The workman had no difficulty making the signet, but the motto part was a ② tough one. So he went to a sage and asked, “What can I put on the signet that will temper the king’s ③ ecstasy and at the same time lift him when he feels depressed?” The sage gave him an inscription that fulfilled the king’s ④ requirement. The sage said, “Inscribe upon the ring: THIS TOO SHALL PASS. When the king gazes upon it in triumph, it will ⑤ elate his pride. When he looks at it in despair, it will lift his hope.” *signet ,
고, .
A political scientist by the name of Ronald Inglehart has been following people’s attitudes toward material things — stuff — since 1970. When he began his research, he found, in the six countries he surveyed — the UK, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium — that four out of five people held material values. Most people were more concerned about how much money and how many things they had and less bothered about quality-of-life issues.
Political scientists have been conducting similar surveys, at regular intervals, ever since in more than fifty countries. The message from the research is clear; we are becoming far less materialistic, as only around one in two now hold material values. “Almost half the people are now post-materialists,” says Inglehart. It may even be more than that.
When one of the world largest advertising agencies conducted a survey a few years back in countries like the UK, France, and the United States, it found that “people in mature markets have had enough of excess,” that they are “tired of the push to _______________,” and that half have thrown out or thought about throwing out stuff in recent years. It also discovered that two in every three think they would be better off if they lived more simply — with less stuff, in other words. 07
? Are Surveys Really Reliable? ①
People Care Less About Things ②
Does More Guarantee Happiness? ③
Materialism Emerges as a New Trend ④
Values Differ from Country to Country ⑤ 08 ? share things ① use advertising ② simplify lives ③ behave reasonably ④ accumulate more ⑤
03
01
?
In his native Russian language, Vyacheslav Voronin’s name means “slave.” As far as associations go, that’s a significant cross to bear. So Vyacheslav and his wife, Marina Frovola, decided to save their newborn son a similar indignity. Their son was born in the summer of 2002. True to their promise, Vyacheslav and Marina chose a generic name designed to be devoid of meaning: BOHdVF260602. Although the name seems meaningless, BOHdVF260602 stands for “Biological Object Human descendant of the Voronins and Frovolas, born on June 26, 2002.” For the sake of practicality, young BOHdVF260602 is referred to as Boch. Vyacheslav claims that “Boch’s name will __________________________ because he won’t interact with those idiots who think one’s name defines one’s appearance. Every person who gets a traditional name is automatically linked to his family’s background. This way, my son will be devoid of his father’s legacy.”
make his life easier ①
be subject to change ②
be forgotten for good ③
influence naming practices ④
be linked to his family’s background ⑤
?
At community workshops it is common to see tables pushed hastily together into a block of four so people can work in groups. That way there is space for everyone in the group around the large table.
(A) Small tables and many people sitting close together are much better solutions. Instead of public distance, we now have personal or social distance; voices can be toned down and nuances perceived.
(B) However, the distance across the table is now so great that the group members can’t really talk to each other. Everyone has to speak in a loud voice at the large tables, and in practice, group work done like this is poor.
(C) Naturally, careful work with senses and distances is also important in any teaching situation. There has to be eye contact between teacher and pupil and as short a distance as feasibly possible to ensure intense, multifaceted communication. (A) (C) (B) ① ② (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) ③ ④ (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) ⑤
고 . (A) (B) ?
There are some faults that people readily accept, whereas they admit others only with reluctance. No one will admit, for instance, to being stupid or unintelligent, on the contrary, you’ll hear everyone saying, “If only my luck matched up to my wits!” They admit readily to timidity and say, “I’m inclined to be a bit nervous, I admit.” As for a lack of self-control, no one willingly admits to that, although most people will admit that they tend to give way to pity. What reasons can be found for this? The reason varies according to the person, but it can generally be said that people are most generally unwilling to admit to anything they consider to be shameful. Timidity they imagine to be a mark of good sense, and pity a mark of good feeling, whereas stupidity or lack of self-control is something that they will not admit in any circumstance.
People tend to (A) their faults that have to do with (B) . (A) (B) conceal ① …… honor conceal ② …… fortune acknowledge ③ …… honor acknowledge ④ …… fortune accentuate ⑤ …… circumstances
, ?
Scientifically, however, the idea of a pure race is nonsense because the world’s gene pools are mixed to the point where only general groupings can be distinguished.
In the biological construction of race, people from a given race are said to share distinctive gene characteristics that produce specific physical traits. ( ) People are① defined as either Caucasoid, Negroid, or Mongoloid on the basis of skin color, hair color, eye color, head form, lip form, and blood group. ( ) Sometimes even② intellectual characteristics were claimed to vary by race. ( ) Moreover, differences③ within a supposed race sometimes are greater than those between races. ( ) Many④ residents of south India, for example, have darker skin than most African Americans. ( ) In the United States we often speak as if whites and blacks belong⑤ to distinct genetic groups, but virtually all African Americans have some white ancestry, and just under a tenth of “whites” have some African American ancestry.
, ?
How many times have you or someone you know complained about how ① unfair things are at work? Maybe it appeared that someone received a promotion that you thought ② should have been yours. Or perhaps a colleague didn’t receive funding for a project ③ because of the money went to the president’s favorite department. Life is not fair at home and it’s especially unfair at work. As a new manager, one of the first things you need to know is to look ④ closely at how work really gets done in the organization. I’m not talking about what you may have learned during your first week of orientation, nor am I suggesting ⑤ reading the company operations manual. I’m talking about learning how work gets done informally.
(A), (B), (C) ?
Many elements of American teen culture remain unchanged in the digital age. School looks remarkably (A) [different / familiar], and many of the same anxieties and hopes that shaped my childhood are still recognizable today. What differs today has less to do with technology but more to do with the broader systematic issues. All too often, adults focus on technology because technological changes are easier to see. Nostalgia also (B) [hinders / facilitates] the understanding of the relationship between teens and technology. Adults may idealize their childhoods and forget the trials and hardships they faced. Many adults assume that their own childhoods were better and richer, simpler and safer, than the digitally mediated ones contemporary teens experience. They associate the rise of digital technology with (C) [decline / growth] — social, intellectual, and moral.
(A) (B) (C) different ① …… hinders …… decline different ② …… facilitates …… growth familiar ③ …… facilitates …… growth familiar ④ …… facilitates …… decline familiar ⑤ …… hinders …… decline
고, .
In the early years of the automobile invasion, from the 1950s to the 1970s, road engineering focused uncritically on increasing capacity on the roads and preventing accidents to pedestrians. The solution to both problems was often to segregate traffic and lead pedestrians under or over roads by means of pedestrian underpasses and bridges. This meant subjecting pedestrians to stairs on either side of the crossing. Planners quickly learned that pedestrian underpasses and bridges were exceedingly unpopular and only worked if tall fences were also built along the roads, so that pedestrians literally had no other way out. They still did not solve the problem of strollers, wheelchairs and bicycles, however.
Pedestrian underpass systems had the additional disadvantages of being dark and dank, and people generally feel insecure if they are unable to see very far ahead. In short, the often expensive pedestrian underpasses and bridges were in conflict with the basic premises for good pedestrian ____________. Seen in the perspective of current visions of inviting people to walk and bicycle more in cities, clearly pedestrian underpasses and bridges can only be solutions in those special cases where major highways must be crossed. Solutions must be found for all other roads and streets that allow pedestrians and bicycles to stay on street level and cross with dignity.
07
?
Concerns About Increasing Capacity on Streets ①
Characteristics of the Future City’s Roads and Streets ②
Expansion of Sidewalks for Pedestrians and Cyclists ③
Choice Between Pedestrian Underpasses and Bridges ④
Unnecessary Pedestrian Underpasses and Bridges in Cities ⑤ 08 ? laws ① manners ② detection ③ landscapes ④ connections ⑤
01
?
At times researchers __________________________. One of the best known examples involves the Phillips Petroleum Company (today known as ConocoPhillips) and the discovery of polypropylene, a compound that is now part of many plastics. Initially, Phillips wasn’t in the plastics business at all. The company had assigned two research chemists — J. Paul Hogan and Robert L. Banks — to find better catalysts for refining high-octane gasoline using propylene and ethylene. On June 5, 1951 the two chemists discovered that their equipment was clogged with a white, tacky substance, which later became known as polypropylene. Fortunately for their employer, they knew what they had done and were able to record and replicate the procedure. Phillips obtained a patent on polypropylene (and polyethylene, which was developed shortly thereafter) and entered the plastics business.
don’t have any ideas about what they want to do ①
will collaborate with others outside their discipline ②
are forced to make great efforts to obtain funding ③
are looking for one thing and end up with another ④
may not have access to needed data or information ⑤
?
Biases are systemic tendencies to use information about others in ways that result in inaccurate perceptions. There are a number of biases that can result in diverse members of an organization being treated unfairly. These same biases also can lead to ineffective communication.
(A) This manager encodes a message to an older worker about an upcoming change so as not to make the older worker feel stressed. The older worker, who fears change no more than his younger colleagues, decodes the message to mean that hardly any changes are going to be made.
(B) The older worker fails to adequately prepare for the change and his performance subsequently suffers because of his lack of preparation for the change. Clearly, the ineffective communication was due to the manager’s inaccurate assumptions about older workers.
(C) For example, stereotypes, simplified and often inaccurate beliefs about the characteristics of particular groups of people, can interfere with the encoding and decoding of messages. Suppose a manager stereotypes older workers as being fearful of change.
(A) (C) (B) ① ② (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) ③ ④ (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) ⑤
고 . (A) (B) ?
Many talk shows introduce “experts” who “decode” body language to establish that a person is being dishonest. This echoes the popular belief that while people may be able to control what they say in order to hide their deceit, which is more often than not the case, they cannot control their nonverbal behaviour or may even overcompensate for their deceit, which makes matters worse. However, this is not always the case. In particular, research shows that facial expressions are not very helpful in aiding people to detect deception. Based on facial expressions, receivers’ accuracy in detecting whether or not someone has lied is not much better than chance because, in general, it seems that people are able to exert some control over their facial expressions in an attempt to hide deceit.
The idea that nonverbal cues reveal the inner truth seems (A) , as people can (B) their body language.
(A) (B) invalid ① …… adjust invalid ② …… ignore brilliant ③ …… ignore reasonable ④ …… adjust reasonable ⑤ …… conceal
?
Developmentally, laughter is one of the first social vocalizations (after crying) emitted by human infants. ① Infants begin to laugh in response to the actions of other people at about four months of age, and the brain mechanisms for laughter are already present at birth. ② Even children born deaf and blind have been reported to laugh appropriately without ever having perceived the laughter of others. ③ Indeed, there is evidence of specialized brain circuits for humor and laughter in humans, which researchers are beginning to identify by means of neural imaging studies. ④ Different cultures have their own norms concerning the suitable subject matter of humor and the types of situations in which laugher is considered appropriate. ⑤ Thus, being able to enjoy humor and express it through laughter seems to be an essential part of what it means to be human.
(A), (B), (C) ?
According to John Steele Gordon and other historians, it was not seen as a moral issue in 17th-century America (A) [keep / to keep] Blacks as slaves. People of African origin were seen as inferior to Whites and this view was seldom questioned. In the 18th century, people were influenced by French philosophers, who argued that all human beings had the same value and the same rights. Values started to change and even many rich people, such as Benjamin Franklin, who held slaves (B) [starting / started] to question their own right to do so. Initially, they did not know how to go about abolishing slavery, because it was a very important factor in the economy of the American South and the economy was dependent on slave labor. Over time, however, people found ways to overcome the obstacles, and they even found (C) [that / what] freeing the slaves created economic advantages from a number of perspectives.
(A) (B) (C) keep ① …… starting …… that keep ② …… started …… what to keep ③ …… starting …… that to keep ④ …… started …… what to keep ⑤ …… started …… that
, ?
A major concern that determines the usefulness of a sample is its size. The larger the sample is, the more likely it is to ① represent the whole accurately. This is because the larger a sample is, the smaller the effects of purely random variations are likely to be on its summary characteristics. The chance of drawing a wrong conclusion ② shrinks as the sample size increases. For example, finding that 600 out of a sample of 1,000 have a certain feature is much ③ weaker evidence that a majority of the population from which it was drawn have that feature than finding that 6 out of a sample of 10 have it. On the other hand, the actual size of the total population from which a sample is drawn has little effect on the ④ accuracy of sample results. A random sample of 1,000 would have about the ⑤ same margin of error whether it were drawn from a population of 10,000 or from a similar population of 100 million.
고, .
While the mass movement from cold northern industrial cities to warm sunny beaches, a fairly simple product to package, increased substantially after World War II, as years passed there was an increasing segmentation in the travel market. A number of quite distinct mini mass markets developed, with varying characteristics in their rates of growth, potential, resilience to recession (e.g. senior citizens) and consumer preferences. Much of the movement was specialist in character. Business travel, for example, expanded in new ways, notably in the form of organized trips for conventions, trade shows and incentive tours. Cultural and educational travel expanded substantially. Travel for sports and hobbies developed, and a desire by travellers to visit friends and relatives became important on some routes, including long-distance routes which had witnessed major migration flows in the years after the war.
Towards the end of the 1980s the original more simple mass flow travel from colder industrialized northern urban areas to warm sunny beaches began to show distinct signs of _____________. Packaged travel to the Mediterranean and notably to Spain decreased greatly. After reaching a peak of 12.5 million package trips out of Britain, for example, the total in the years 1990 91 fell by nearly 20– percent more to some popular destinations. At the same time the outward— movement from Britain did not decrease, so there was a marked diversion to other destinations resulting from demand changes. In contrast, in the same period travel outward from Southern European countries such as Spain and Italy increased to a marked extent. Much of the growth resulted in travel to the cooler Northern European countries.
07
?
Relationship Between Technology and Travel ①
Southern Europe: A Popular Travel Destination ②
Tourism: Main Source of Income for Many Countries ③
Changes in Travel Directions and Patterns in Europe ④
Benefits of International Cultural and Educational Travel ⑤ 08 ? weakness ① emergence ② recovery ③ extinction ④ improvement ⑤
05
01
?
Often, when MBA students come to us seeking advice regarding negotiations with prospective employers, they are confused about what is negotiable, the degree to which each issue is negotiable, and how much is reasonable to demand. When we ask them what they have done to resolve this uncertainty, they usually tell us that they have only discussed these questions informally with their classmates. That is certainly not enough of an effort. We encourage them to talk to students from their program who were hired the previous year by the same firm, friends and acquaintances who have worked in (or who have offers from) firms in the same industry, and staff in the MBA placement office. They can also obtain information from industry publications or from websites that provide hiring and salary data for a wide variety of professions. More generally, in any negotiation, it is important that you __________________________.
use the language creatively and correctly ①
know your own strengths and weaknesses ②
establish trust with your potential employer ③
seek out all potential sources of information ④
try to understand the other party’s perspective ⑤
?
Historic and contemporary trends strongly indicate that “Moore’s Law” will continue to hold good over the next quarter century; this holds that computing power doubles every two years, yielding an exponential growth curve in processing power.
(A) We need to be cautious about what this increasing power means, however. The scenario that it will lead inevitably to a more democratic and level playing field, for example, does not seem possible unless relative economic inequality is also addressed.
(B) So-called “utility” or “cloud” computing also emerges from this trend, as commercial companies begin to offer a service that allows individuals to tap into huge processing power.
(C) The short-term implications of this are that a device bought today for £1000 could be bought in 20 years for £1.22. This implies that massive computing capacity is increasingly affordable. The cost of saving information, manipulating it, mining it, will continue to massively decrease.
*exponential (A) (C) (B) ① ② (B) (A) (C) (B) (C) (A) ③ ④ (C) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) ⑤
고 . (A) (B) ?
Software piracy is a good example to illustrate the relationship between original innovation and illegal copying. Software piracy is often regarded as an activity that causes innovative firms to lose huge profits. However, Conner and Rumelt indicate that “software piracy may not be harmful for certain types of software, where the value a user derives from the software depends on the user base.” Software piracy works as a kind of “shadow diffusion” in the market and increases the total number of software users more quickly. Although a software firm may lose some potential profits, the increasing number of software users will bring unexpected advantages back to this firm. This phenomenon is called positive network externalities, a term referring to the fact that consumer utility for a product increases with the number of persons using it.
Piracy can be (A) for some types of software in that it leads to the (B) of the user base.
(A) (B) beneficial ① …… expansion beneficial ② …… collapse impossible ③ …… retention damaging ④ …… expansion damaging ⑤ …… collapse
, ?
Unfortunately, not all peer interactions that children have in schools are positive. The quality of the relationships within the social context of the classroom has important implications for children’s academic functioning and attitudes towards school. For instance, children who have mutual classroom friendships fare better academically than children who have not formed friendships. ( ) Importantly,① friends provide instrumental and psychological support and often serve as positive role models for academic success. ( ) Many children are rejected by their peer② group and are excluded from important academic functions within the classroom. ( ) Moreover, children at all age levels are exposed to bullying at school, which③ can lead to serious long-lasting problems for everyone involved. ( ) Namely,④ children who are bullied often experience significant psychological distress and, as a result, perform poorly in school. ( ) On the other hand, when children⑤ experience a positive climate within their classroom and feel included and supported by their peers, they can be more successful.
, ?
Customer service does not mean giving customers everything they ask for, whenever they ask for ① it. This misinterpretation of customer service can cripple the most well-meaning company or cause it to fail completely. For example, sending a technician to a customer site without attempting to resolve the problem over the telephone is very ② costly and quickly overworks the company’s pool of technicians. Likewise, failing to define what products the help desk supports ③ causes them to receive calls about products for which they are not trained and have difficulty ④ supporting. Instead, a help desk must manage customer expectations, which, in turn, leads to customer satisfaction. Managing expectations involves clearly communicating to customers ⑤ that the help desk can and cannot do to meet their needs, given available resources.
(A), (B), (C) ?
The factors affecting the price in a particular market (costs, competitive prices, customer price sensitivity and behavior, market structure and conditions, and objectives of the company) vary from market to market, requiring pricing decisions to vary as well. The global entrepreneur should avoid the ease of having a (A) [uniform / variable] pricing policy and use price as a competitive factor in the marketing program in each country. Although individual prices should reflect the specific conditions of a market, prices should also be coordinated on a worldwide basis, particularly when economic (B) [division / integration] is occurring across markets. One way to do this is to set maximum and minimum prices within which the local countries’ price can be established. This approach allows flexibility in pricing to reflect local market conditions, but does not allow so much price deviation that a price-quality relationship can be established and cross-border shopping can be (C) [discouraged / stimulated]. *deviation
(A) (B) (C) uniform ① …… integration …… stimulated uniform ② …… division …… stimulated uniform ③ …… integration …… discouraged variable ④ …… integration …… stimulated variable ⑤ …… division …… discouraged
고, .
Social animals may act together, as when a swarm of bees or a pack of wolves or a herd of zebras all move together. This mass action is social because the animals know what the others are doing and coordinate their own behavior with it. In contrast, cultural animals often have elaborate division of labor, in which each individual performs a unique function. Compare the collective work of a corporation or a football team with that of a swarm of bees, for example. Although different bees might have different roles (e.g. the queen bee is the mother of all the bees in her hive, worker bees lack reproductive capacity but carry pollen back to the hive to feed the young), the roles are far simpler, less flexible, and fewer than the roles in human society.
Social animals may figure out good ways of doing things and may possibly copy something they see another doing. Cultural animals (human beings) deliberately share their knowledge throughout the group, so that it can be maintained and passed on to the next generation. Humans are the only animals to have schools, universities, and libraries, for example. The allows for progress, too. One man (Alexander Graham Bell) invented the telephone, and even though he has been dead for decades, many people have and use telephones without having to invent them all over again. Among social animals, each problem has to be solved anew by each generation, and in some cases by each individual.
07
?
Animals Survive Better in Groups than Alone ①
Drawbacks of Being Social in the Animal Kingdom ②
Differences Between Social and Cultural Animals ③
Division of Labor: Extremely Rare Among Animals ④
Cultural Aspects of the Behavior of Social Animals ⑤ 08 ? exploitation of nature ① monopoly of information ② preservation of knowledge ③
simplicity of the social structure ④
limitation of physical strength ⑤
