Supports by governments for Bioethanol Bioethanol Introduction Introduction
Brazil USA Germany France Japan
Approach Direct mixture Direct mixture ETBE ETBE Direct mixture,
ETBE
Raw material Sugarcane Corn Rye, Wheat Sugar beet,
Wheat
* E100 partially introduced
Obligatory rate of 10% in five states (Minnesota, Hawaii, Montana, Missouri, and Washington)
* E85 partially introduced
Upper limit: about 5% for ethanol
* E85 partially introduced
Upper limit: 3%
(Act on the Quality Control of Gasoline and Other Fuels)
Tax break Tax reduction of about 15 yen per liter
Commodity tax reduction of about 16 yen per liter
Tax reduction of about 91 yen per
liter
Tax reduction of about 45 yen per
liter
-Introduction target/obligation
Basis is mixture ratio of 20%; changeable between 20 and 25%
depending on the supply condition of ethanol
Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Renewal Fuel standard: dictates use of 28 million kl of recyclable fuels contained in fuel for cars by 2012
EU Biofuels Directive: It sets the ratio of bio fuel to all the fuels for transportation to 2% in 2005 and 5.75%
in 2010.
-Source: F.O. Licht, World Ethanol & Biofuels Report 2006, EurObserv ER, Biofuels Barometer 2006, Eco Fuel Use Promotion Council data, data by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; partly converted values included
* ETBE (Ethyl tertiary butyl ether) is an additive to gasoline produced from isobutene, a byproduct of oil production processes, and bio ethanol.
10
Current situation of food supply and demand in the world Current situation of food supply and demand in the world
$416.7 Million ton / year
Supply
Demand
Stock
15.4%
↓ 20.6%→
資料:米国農務省「Grain:World Markets and Trade (April 2009)、「PS&D」
Supply and Demand
資料:シカゴ商品取引所(第1金曜日の期近価格)
Market Prices
○ International price of wheat, corn, soy bean, and etc. has increased since around October 2006,It fell in the latter half of 2008,but is still in high level.
○ It is partly because demand of biofuel expands worldwide, so it is necessary to promote biofuel production without influencing food supply.
Soybean
Source: USDA Source: Chicago Market
Bad harvest in US
& Canada in 2002 Drought in Australia in 2006
○ For Japan, a low self-sufficient country, R&D for utilizing cellulosic materials which do not compete against food is urgently needed.
○ For Japan, a low self-sufficient country, R&D for utilizing cellulosic materials which do not compete against food is urgently needed.
Problems with regard to enlarging production of
Problems with regard to enlarging production of biofuelsbiofuels
○ Worldwide enlargement of bioethanol from saccharinity and starchy materials are one of the major causes of rising food prices; thus, cellulosic materials, which do not compete against food, needs to be utilized.
○ LCA (life cycle assessment) needs to be established, which can evaluate the amount of CO2 emission and energy efficiency of whole processes from biomass energy crop production, transportation, to manufacture of the biofuels.
Problem
Problem①① impact on food pricesimpact on food prices
Problem
Problem②② environmental loadenvironmental load
○ LCA (life cycle assessment) needs to be established, which can
comprehensively evaluate the environmental load in the whole processes from resource productions to using the biofuels.
○ LCA (life cycle assessment) needs to be established, which can
comprehensively evaluate the environmental load in the whole processes from resource productions to using the biofuels.
Using crops such as sugar beets and corn as raw materials of biofuels triggers rising food prices in the world.
Biofuels are said to be carbon neutral;
however, it is pointed that resource production, transportation and manufacture of such fuels are accompanied by CO2 emission
Measures to enlarge Japanese biofuel production needs to be established
LCA (Life Cycle Assessment)
Production and gathering of energy crops
BioBio--ethanolethanol
Agricultural chemicals and/or Fertilizer(emission of CO2)
Using external energy
Facilities and/or machine
(emission of CO2)
Process of manufacturing bio-ethanol
Using by-products from manufacturing process such as bagasse (absorption of CO2)
* It is said that cellulosic materials such as thinned wood decreases more CO2 and are more efficient energy than energy crops requiring external energy in the course of production.
LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) of BiofuelsBiofuels
○It is important to study the amount of emission of carbon dioxide and efficiency of the biofuels in order to use external energy when energy crops are produced and biofuels are manufactured.
GBEP Steering Committee
Task Force on Sustainable Bioenergy GHG
Task Force Technical
Working Group
○G8 Gleneagles summit in 2005, G8+5(Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa) reached an agreement to establish Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) in order to develop bioenergy sustainably. GBEP was established in May 2006.
○Secretariat is in FAO.
○work in progress
・make science-based benchmarks and indicators for biofuel production and use to contribute sustainable development of bioenergy
・formulate a harmonized methodological framework on green house gas emission reduction measurement from the use of biofuels.
Outline
Background Organization
Schedule
Global Bioenergy Partnership(GBEP)
GHG Task Force will make a report by March 2009 Task Force on Sustainable Bioenergy will make a report by the end of April 2009
Report to G8 Summit of 2009
○G8 Leaders Statement of Hokkaido Toyako Summit
“we will work together with other relevant stakeholders to develop science-based benchmarks and indicators for biofuel production and use”
Environment & 바이오매스 Policies in 일본
원
-For 일본’s 녹색성장