Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략
2. Land Administration in Norway
노르웨이 국립토지측량청
Dr. Helge Onsrud
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 43
1. National Geospatial Infrastructure in Norway
Norwegian Mapping Authority (NMA)
From mapfactory to national centre for geographic information
that creates value
Norwegian Mapping Authority (NMA)
From mapfactory to national resource for geographic information that creates value
Q The national supplier and manager of geographic information
Q State enterprise under the Ministry of the Environment
Q 19 offices nation-wide
Q Annual revenue NOK 525 million (2000)
Q 612 staff
Q Founded 1773
Q Covers Norwegian land, coastal and territorial waters
44 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
Tasks
Q
Establish, update and manage a national geodata-infrastructure - “Norway digital”
Q
Make data and products from “Norway digital” available for private and public customers
Q
Work closely with public and private sectors to develop cartographic technology and expertise
Q
Support export efforts of Norwegian mapping companies
Dual Roles
Basic activities Sales and contractors
Products and services
Government contracts and budget allocation Sales revenues
Customers
Establish and manage ”Norway digital”
OGeodetic bases
OPrimary dataseries
OSea and land maps
OAerial- and satellite imagery
OStandards for geodata
OCatalogservice
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 45
”Norway digital”
A National Geodata Infrastructure
Primary dataseries
Establishing and updating of “Norway digital”
Q Municipalities
Q Public Road Administration
Q Telenor (telecoms)
Q Electricity companies
Q Agriculture
Q NSB (railways)
Q Norwegian Mapping Authority
Players Endeavour
Q Joint mapping following annual geodata plans
Q Establish and update primary data according to Map Database
Standard
Q Joint use of databases
Q NOK 114 million (2000)
46 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
National Geophysical and Geodetic Bases
QNation-wide network of co-ordinated points
National base points Permanent stations Primary net - 1st class
Primary net - 2nd class Primary net - 3rd class
Co-operation in and technology for establishing global reference frame
113 points
Q Permanent tidal observation stations
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 47
245 m unicipalities finished 68 m unicipalities in w ork 122 m unicipalities not started
Establishing of prim ary net - 3rd class
Status 31.12.2000
Acurate Positioning - SATREF
Users
GPS-satellites GPS-satellites
FM-network
Reference-station Control centre
Reference-station Control centre
SATREF DGPS
corrections
48 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
SATREF
Control centre Reference stations
Data broadcasting
Via radio-beacons
Responsible: Coastal Administration Via FM-network
Responsible: Norkring and Norwegian Mapping Authority
Acurate Positioning - SATREF
Buildings
Addresses
Properties
Administrative boundaries
Place names
Road network
Elevations
Depth countours
Coastal contours and islands
Water contours
Triangulation points
Q
Uniform, nation-wide digital data for essential sea and land themes
Q
Basis for digital and analogue products
Q
Primary dataseries
Q
Established and updated via county geodata co-operation
National Primary
National Primary Dataseries Dataseries
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 49
National Digital and Analogue
Map and Chart Series and Publications
Q Map and raster data for land areas in scales
1:5 000, 1:50 000, 1:250 000, 1:500 000, 1:1 million, 1:2 million and 1:5 million
Q Electronic nautical charts
Q Printed map and chart series
Large scale maps (1:5 000), 1:50,000 maps, Main coastal charts, Harbour charts, General charts and Fishery plotting charts Q Publications
The Norwegian Pilot, Notices to Mariners, Tidal Tables, National Atlas
Services in Data Management and Distribution
National Geographic Information Centre (NGIS)
Q NMA’s common approach for managing and distributing data
Q Supports both internal management and products and services for the market
Q Web-based catalogue services with information about digital data and printed maps
(established)
Q Web shop for digital data (not finished)
Management, information, sales and distribution
NGIS
50 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
M anagem ent Tasks and
National Professional Resource
Q The Place Nam e Act
Q The Land Subdivision Act
Q Adm inistrative boundaries
Q National and international standardisation
Q Co-ordination of m ap and geodata activities
Q Co-operate in research and developm ent
Q Support export efforts of Norwegian m apping com panies Managem ent tasks
National professional resource
Digital Products
Q Map data (N5, N50, N250, N500, N1000, N2000 and N5000 )
Q Raster data (N5, N50, N250 and N1000)
Q GAB (properties, addresses, buildings)
Q Road database (VBASE)
Q Digital property maps (DEK)
Q Names from central place name register (SSR)
Q Administrative boundaries
Q Electronic charts
Q Fisheries database
Q Triangulation points
Q CD-ROM products
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 51
Printed Products
Q1:50 000 map series
QLarge scale map series (1:5 000)
QPlace name registers
QStandards
QHistorical maps
QMain charts 1:50 000
QHarbour charts
QGeneral charts
QFisheries charts
QHydrographic fair sheets
QSmall craft charts
Q”The Norwegian Pilot”
(sailing directions)
QTide Tables
QNotices to Mariners
QHistorical charts
Land Sea
Principal Commitments for realizing
“Norway digital” within 2006
Q Primary dataseries finished 2006 and map database 1:50 000 finished 2001
Q Covering the Norwegian coast with modern electronic and printed charts witin 2006
Q Establish and operate a national area- and resource-information system
Q Etablish and operate a national property information system
Q Develop SATREF for positioning with centimetres accuracy
Q National Geographic Information Centre (NGIS)
52 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
Creating primary data
Q
Primary data in cities, built-up areas, farmland, forests and mountain areas (FKB A, B, C and D standards)
Q
Created, updated and managed via “Geovekst”
Q
“Geovekst” projects have annual value of NOK 114 million
Q
As at 1 January 2000, close to 40% of relevant area covered
Q
Primary data are basis for derived databases, digital and analogue products
Property and Adress Information
Users Needs
Public administration
Q Managing, planning, processing
Q Rationalisation, national and municipal
Q Taxes and fees
Q Criminal cases
Private sector
Q Owners, buyers and sellers of properties (including public-sector organisations)
Q Financial institutions, insurance companies
Q Estate agents, assessors and valuers
Q Auditors, lawyers
Q Building consultants (architects, consultant engineers, etc.)
Q Rationalisation in private sector, as in transport
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 53
Private financing and property management
Public sector processing and operation Plan approval
54 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
Q
Goal: a modernised, improved basis for county and municipal decisionmaking in area resource planning
Q
Creating and managing georeferenced environmental and natural resource data for use in GIS
Q
Joint county distribution databases, managed by County Map Offices
Area Information Systems - Arealis
Better area
Area Information Systems - Arealis
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 55
Electronic Charts along the Norwegian Coast
The whole coast covered with modern maps in 2006
Finished Planned
Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 4 Priority 5 Priority 6
IT-infrastructure for “Norway digital”
Regional level
Local level
National level
Norwegian Mapping Authority -the central manager of geodata
Internet
56 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
D istribution via W W W
W h o ville
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 57
Assistant Director Erik Perstuen Assistant Director Erik Perstuen
Economy Director
John Naustdal Quality
Resource Director Leif Grønnevik Resource Director Leif Grønnevik
Fylkeskartkontorer - 18
OPlan-, Area-, Environmental data
OM aps and Map Data
OTechnology, Production Development
OM anagement Technical Directors:
OProperty Information
OGeovekst
OPlan-, Area-, Environmental data
OM aps and Map Data
OTechnology, Production Development
OM anagement
Sections Fylkeskartkontorer - 18 Fylkeskartkontorer - 18 Fylkeskartkontorer - 18 Fylkeskartkontorer - 18County M ap Offices- 18County M ap Offices- 18
Land Mapping Division
Global Basis Reference Data
and Infrastructure National Basis
Repro
Director Bjørn Engen
Administration
Global Basis Reference Data
and Infrastructure National Basis
58 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
Info, IT, Finance, Adm
Surveys Data
Info, IT, Finance, Adm
Surveys Data
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 59
Norwegian Mapping Authority
Locations
Q Hønefoss
Management and common functions
Land Mapping Division
Geodetic Institute
County Map Offices Q Svalbard
Geodetic Observatory Q Hønefoss
Management and common functions
Land Mapping Division
Geodetic Institute
County Map Offices Q Svalbard
60 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
W eb Site
www.statkart.no
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 61
2. Land Administration in Norway
Land Administration in Norway Introduction
Helge Onsrud
Senior Advisor Statens kartverk helge.onsrud@statkart.no
Norway in brief (1)
• 324.000 sqkm
• 4,5 million inhabitants
• three levels of public administration
– 1 state
– 19 counties
– 435 municipalities – 87 local courts
• 2,4 million properties
62 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
Norway in brief (2)
• 95 % of properties in private ownership
• 80 % of families own their house
• 99 % of farms owned by private, single farmers - 20 hectares on average
• Only high mountains in general state ownership
• Almost all construction financed by mortgaging
History of ownership
• King and church owned majority of land until 1650. Started then to sell to private
• First known register from year 1250
• Computerised registers established 1985-90
• Digital cadastral maps under establishment
• Professional surveying only since 1980
• New law on the cadastre pending in
Parliament
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 63
Two basic registers
• Two basic computerised property registers
– the land book, maintained by the local courts reporting to the sate database (Grunnbok) – the cadastre, operated by the municipalities,
reporting to the state database (GAB)
• Cadastral maps are currently in analogue form, but digitising has started
Organisational overview
• The two national databases are operated by the state. An integrated on-line service to the users is provided by a “private”
company
• Cadastral surveying and mapping are undertaken by the municipalities
• Currently no private licensed surveyors
• No notaries, “anybody” can write legal
documents
64 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
Land Consolidation Court
• A special land court dealing with boundaries and land rights
• The judge must be a surveyor with a 5 year degree
Use of registers
• Cadastre: (80 % public sector)
– Municipal planning/administration/services – Tax authorities, Bureau of Statistics
– State and private developers
– Banks, insurance companies, distributors
• Land Book: (80 % private sector)
– Real estate brokers
– Banks
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 65
Property taxes
• Various property taxes:
– state tax on dwellings and secondary homes -added to the income (2,5 % of a low value) – state assets tax (very low)
– municipal tax, if decided by the municipality – state tax on land sales (2,5 % of price)
• Generally rough estimates of property values, main focus on value of buildings
Statistics
• 25.000 new parcels to the cadastre per year
• 900.000 new documents to the land book per year
• 140.000 land sales per year (6% of the stock)
• 450.000 new mortgage documents
registered per year
66 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
The Cadastre
• A central database with alphanumeric information (The GAB system)
• GAB has information on parcels, buildings and addresses
• Official cadastral maps on local level only
– mainly analogue
– digital maps are under establishment
– boundaries also in the national topographic map
C adastral objects
• Property units are currently:
– freehold property – leased property
– flats in condom inium s
• N ote the difference betw een:
– physical parcel (plot)
– legal property unit (m ay have several plots)
– econom ic property unit (taxed object)
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 67
C adastral num bers, etc
• U nique national property identifier:
– 1234 - 5 - 67
• U nique national building num ber:
– 12345678(9)
• x,y co-ordinates for a reference point for all parcels, buildings and addresses
• T he C adastre show s cross-references
betw een properties, buildings and addresses
Cadastral surveying and mapping
• Flexible accuracy:
– cities 5 - 20 cm
– rural areas 1-2 meters
– optionally leased land can referred to one reference point only, without defining the boundaries exactly
• Map scales
– cities 1:1000
– rural 1: 5000 - 1:10000 (mountains 1:50.000)
68 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
T he L and B ook
• F ully com puterised
• M aintained at the local courts
• W aiting tim e for registration: 1 day
• U ses the sam e objects and identifiers as in the C adastre
• D ata guaranteed by the state. T he state pays com pensation if a person has an econom ic loss due to w rong inform ation in the register
Integrated service to users
• The Land B ook and the C adastre databases are run on the sam e m ain-fram e com puter, thus providing an integrated on-line service to users
• A “private” com pany operates the tw o databases and sells data on behalf of the state
• A nybody can subscribe to the service
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 69
Cost recovery - fees
• Fee for surveying: 1000 USD per parcel
• Fee for registration of a deed in the land book: 100 USD + 2,5 % of the land value
• Fee for registration of a mortgage: 150 USD
• The land book fees cover 3 times the costs of operating the land book
• The cadastre is almost fully financed the state
Current weaknesses
• Too low data quality in the Cadastre
• No on-line access to Cadastral maps
• No registration of public restrictions on land
• No provision for making properties in strata
• Long waiting times for surveys in some municipalities
• Large variations in prices for surveys (200-2000 USD)
• Limited service from the municipalities to clients;
focus on surveying boundaries only
70 유럽의 토지정보화 현황과 추진전략에 관한 워크샵
Pending new law on the Cadastre
• Adding a digital cadastral map to the national register
• Registering public restrictions in the Cadastre
• Adding two new types of property objects:
• volumes under or above the surface
• land in common ownership
• Introducing private licensed surveyors
The new Cadastral surveyor
• Licensed: Shall work as a neutral expert respecting general law and policies
• Consultant to land owners, developers, municipalities. Survey boundaries,
document private rights, produce data to the cadastre. Additional work in GIS, etc
• Economic liable, also after data are loaded into the Cadastre
• Academic degree + practise
Ⅲ. 노르웨이의 토지정보화 전략 71